Linux驱动----网络驱动开发实例

Linux驱动----网络驱动开发实例
详细原理不介绍， 参照《Linux 设备驱动 Edition 3》中第17章网络驱动. 本文把Linux设备驱动示例代码snull移植到2.6.32版本，对应于发行版redhat6,centos6。
为了提高高端 Linux 系统性能的方法, 目前网络子系统开发一般采用基于查询的接口，所以把snull代码中接收中断去掉了，只使用NAPI。由于对snull比较复杂，便于理解，进行相应裁剪，去掉对功能没有影响代码，接下来对改动地方进行说明。对于修改原因，下面做了简单说明，具体原因测试过程，可以不修改（你觉得无关紧要或者无法确定代码），看看会出现什么问题，这样会理解更深。
注意：
1.本人内核版本：
# uname -r
2.6.32-71.el6

2.发行版：
# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 6.0 (Final)



一.修改说明：
1.snull_open函数
 添加napi_enable(&vi->napi);语句，表示启动napi接受

2.snull_release函数
添加
 napi_disable(&vi->napi);表示关闭napi接受
 netif_carrier_off(dev);表示关闭载波

3.snull_napi_interrupt函数
由于内核接口，发生变化，以前代码改为如下：
    if (napi_schedule_prep(&priv->napi)) {
                        snull_rx_ints(dev, 0);  /* Disable further interrupts */
                         printk("napi_schedule_prep\n");
                        __napi_schedule(&priv->napi);

     }

4.内核接口t struct net_device_ops发生改变，所以下面进行修改：
static const struct net_device_ops virtnet_netdev = {
        .ndo_open            = snull_open,
        .ndo_stop            = snull_release,
        .ndo_start_xmit      = snull_tx,
        .ndo_get_stats       = snull_stats,
        .ndo_set_rx_mode     = snull_set_rx_mode,
};

static const struct header_ops      header_op =  {
        .create              = snull_header,
        .rebuild             = snull_rebuild_header,
};

5.snull_init_module函数改动较大
为了简单，直接用了以太网接口，所以网络接口不是sn0,sn1.
 snull_devs[0] =  alloc_etherdev(sizeof(struct snull_priv));
 snull_devs[1] =  alloc_etherdev(sizeof(struct snull_priv));
  for (i = 0; i < 2;  i++) {
                snull_devs[i]->flags           |= IFF_NOARP;
                snull_devs[i]->features        |= NETIF_F_NO_CSUM;
                snull_devs[i]->header_ops = &header_op;
                snull_rx_ints(snull_devs[i], 1);
                snull_setup_pool(snull_devs[i]);
                snull_devs[i]->netdev_ops = &virtnet_netdev;
                vi = netdev_priv(snull_devs[i]);
                vi->dev = snull_devs[i];
                netif_napi_add(snull_devs[i], &vi->napi, snull_poll,2);
        }
二.测试
1.编译，运行，加载内核模块，查看接口是否创建
#insmod snull.ko
#ifconfig -a
eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:00:00:00:00:00  
          BROADCAST NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

eth2      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:00:00:00:00:00  
          BROADCAST NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

2.编辑相应文件
#vi /etc/networks
//添加下面
snullnet0 192.168.0.0
snullnet1 192.168.1.0
/etc/hosts 里面:

#vi /etc/hosts
192.168.0.1  local0  
192.168.0.2  remote0  
192.168.1.2  local1  
192.168.1.1  remote1  

3.设置网络接口ip

#ifconfig eth1 local0
#ifconfig eth2 local1
eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:53:4E:55:4C:30  
          inet addr:192.168.0.1  Bcast:192.168.0.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::253:4eff:fe55:4c30/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:3 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:3 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:210 (210.0 b)  TX bytes:210 (210.0 b)

eth2      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:53:4E:55:4C:31  
          inet addr:192.168.1.2  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::253:4eff:fe55:4c31/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:3 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:3 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:210 (210.0 b)  TX bytes:210 (210.0 b)

UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
说明接口正常运行了。

4.数据包发送与接受
查看包接受情况
#ifconfig eth1
eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:53:4E:55:4C:30  
          inet addr:192.168.0.1  Bcast:192.168.0.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::253:4eff:fe55:4c30/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:7 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:9 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:602 (602.0 b)  TX bytes:798 (798.0 b)

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth2
eth2      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:53:4E:55:4C:31  
          inet addr:192.168.1.2  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::253:4eff:fe55:4c31/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:9 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:7 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:798 (798.0 b)  TX bytes:602 (602.0 b)
发送数据包
# ping -c 2 remote0
PING remote0 (192.168.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from remote0 (192.168.0.2): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.125 ms
64 bytes from remote0 (192.168.0.2): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.211 ms

--- remote0 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.125/0.168/0.211/0.043 ms

# ping -c 2 remote1
PING remote1 (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from remote1 (192.168.1.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.310 ms
64 bytes from remote1 (192.168.1.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.216 ms

--- remote1 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1000ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.216/0.263/0.310/0.047 ms

#再查看包接受情况
eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:53:4E:55:4C:30  
          inet addr:192.168.0.1  Bcast:192.168.0.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::253:4eff:fe55:4c30/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:11 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:994 (994.0 b)  TX bytes:1190 (1.1 KiB)

eth2      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:53:4E:55:4C:31  
          inet addr:192.168.1.2  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::253:4eff:fe55:4c31/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:11 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:1190 (1.1 KiB)  TX bytes:994 (994.0 b)

5.卸载模块
# rmmod  snull
# ifconfig -a


注意地方：

1.网卡接口名称发生变化
sn----eth

2.包发送情况统计 ndo_get_stats
.ndo_get_stats       = snull_stats,
如果该函数不实现，包统计数据无法显示
RX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:11 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

3.ARP地址解析与填充
static const struct header_ops      header_op =  {
    .create             = snull_header,
    .rebuild             = snull_rebuild_header,
};
如果该函数不实现，包无法进行通信的，即两个接口之间。因为包的以太网包头MAC地址不存在或者不正确。

4.网络测试时，要保证 192.168.0.0 ，192.168.1.0两个网段没有使用。

三.代码

/*
 * snull.c --  the Simple Network Utility
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
 * Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
 *
 * The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
 * and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
 * acknowledgment appears in derived source files.  The citation
 * should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
 * Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
 * by O'Reilly & Associates.   No warranty is attached;
 * we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
 *
 * $Id: snull.c,v 1.21 2004/11/05 02:36:03 rubini Exp $
 */

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>

#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h> /* printk() */
#include <linux/slab.h> /* kmalloc() */
#include <linux/errno.h>  /* error codes */
#include <linux/types.h>  /* size_t */
#include <linux/interrupt.h> /* mark_bh */

#include <linux/in.h>
#include <linux/netdevice.h>   /* struct device, and other headers */
#include <linux/etherdevice.h> /* eth_type_trans */
#include <linux/ip.h>          /* struct iphdr */
#include <linux/tcp.h>         /* struct tcphdr */
#include <linux/skbuff.h>

#include "snull.h"

#include <linux/in6.h>
#include <asm/checksum.h>
#include <linux/netdevice.h>
#include <linux/etherdevice.h>
#include <linux/ethtool.h>

MODULE_AUTHOR("Alessandro Rubini, Jonathan Corbet");
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");

/*
 * Do we run in NAPI mode?
 */
static int use_napi = 1;
module_param(use_napi, int, 0);


/*
 * A structure representing an in-flight packet.
 */
struct snull_packet {
    struct snull_packet *next;
    struct net_device *dev;
    int    datalen;
    u8 data[ETH_DATA_LEN];
};

int pool_size = 8;
module_param(pool_size, int, 0);

/*
 * This structure is private to each device. It is used to pass
 * packets in and out, so there is place for a packet
 */

struct snull_priv {
    struct net_device_stats stats;
    struct net_device *dev;
    struct napi_struct napi;
    int status;
    struct snull_packet *ppool;
    struct snull_packet *rx_queue;  /* List of incoming packets */
        int rx_int_enabled;    
    int tx_packetlen;
    u8 *tx_packetdata;
    struct sk_buff *skb;
    spinlock_t lock;
};

static void (*snull_interrupt)(int, void *, struct pt_regs *);

/*
 * Set up a device's packet pool.
 */
void snull_setup_pool(struct net_device *dev)
{
    struct snull_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
    int i;
    struct snull_packet *pkt;

    priv->ppool = NULL;
    for (i = 0; i < pool_size; i++) {
        printk("%s\n",__func__);
        pkt = kmalloc (sizeof (struct snull_packet), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (pkt == NULL) {
            printk (KERN_NOTICE "Ran out of memory allocating packet pool\n");
            return;
        }
        pkt->dev = dev;
        pkt->next = priv->ppool;
        priv->ppool = pkt;
    }
    printk("%p,%p\n",dev,priv->ppool);
}

void snull_teardown_pool(struct net_device *dev)
{
    struct snull_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
    struct snull_packet *pkt;
    
    while ((pkt = priv->ppool)) {
        priv->ppool = pkt->next;
        kfree (pkt);
        /* FIXME - in-flight packets ? */
    }
}    

/*
 * Buffer/pool management.
 */
struct snull_packet *snull_get_tx_buffer(struct net_device *dev)
{
    struct snull_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
    unsigned long flags;
    struct snull_packet *pkt;
       
    int i=0;
    spin_lock_irqsave(&priv->lock, flags);
    pkt = priv->ppool;
    priv->ppool = pkt->next;

    if (priv->ppool == NULL) {
        printk (KERN_INFO "Pool empty %p\n",dev);
        for(i=0;i<ETH_ALEN;i++)
            printk("netif_stop_queue:%x\n",dev->dev_addr[i]);
        netif_stop_queue(dev);
    }
    spin_unlock_irqrestore(&priv->lock, flags);
    return pkt;
}


void snull_release_buffer(struct snull_packet *pkt)
{
    unsigned long flags;
    struct snull_priv *priv = netdev_priv(pkt->dev);
    
    spin_lock_irqsave(&priv->lock, flags);
    pkt->next = priv->ppool;
    priv->ppool = pkt;
    spin_unlock_irqrestore(&priv->lock, flags);
    if (netif_queue_stopped(pkt->dev) && pkt->next == NULL) {
        printk("netif_wake_queue\n");
        netif_wake_queue(pkt->dev);
    }
}

void snull_enqueue_buf(struct net_device *dev, struct snull_packet *pkt)
{
    unsigned long flags;
    struct snull_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);

    spin_lock_irqsave(&priv->lock, flags);
    pkt->next = priv->rx_queue;  /* FIXME - misorders packets */
    priv->rx_queue = pkt;
    spin_unlock_irqrestore(&priv->lock, flags);
}

struct snull_packet *snull_dequeue_buf(struct net_device *dev)
{
    struct snull_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
    struct snull_packet *pkt;
    unsigned long flags;

    spin_lock_irqsave(&priv->lock, flags);
    pkt = priv->rx_queue;
    if (pkt != NULL)
        priv->rx_queue = pkt->next;
    spin_unlock_irqrestore(&priv->lock, flags);
    return pkt;
}
/*
 *  * Enable and disable receive interrupts.
 *   */
static void snull_rx_ints(struct net_device *dev, int enable)
{
        struct snull_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
        priv->rx_int_enabled = enable;
}

    
/*
 * Open and close
 */

int snull_open(struct net_device *dev)
{
    /* request_region(), request_irq(), ....  (like fops->open) */

    /*
     * Assign the hardware address of the board: use "\0SNULx", where
     * x is 0 or 1. The first byte is '\0' to avoid being a multicast
     * address (the first byte of multicast addrs is odd).
     */
    struct snull_priv *vi = netdev_priv(dev);
    netif_carrier_on(dev);

    
    memcpy(dev->dev_addr, "\0SNUL0", ETH_ALEN);
    if (dev == snull_devs[1])
        dev->dev_addr[ETH_ALEN-1]++;
    
     /* \0SNUL1 */
    printk("########################\n");
        napi_enable(&vi->napi);
    //if (napi_schedule_prep(&vi->napi)) {
    //    __napi_schedule(&vi->napi);
    //}

    netif_start_queue(dev);
    return 0;
}

int snull_release(struct net_device *dev)
{
    /* release ports, irq and such -- like fops->close */
    struct snull_priv *vi = netdev_priv(dev);

        napi_disable(&vi->napi);
        netif_stop_queue(dev);/* can't transmit any more */
        netif_carrier_off(dev);

    return 0;
}


/*
 * The poll implementation.
 */
static int snull_poll(struct napi_struct *napi, int budget)
{
    struct snull_priv *priv = container_of(napi, struct snull_priv, napi);
    struct sk_buff *skb;
        unsigned int received = 0;
    struct snull_packet *pkt;
        //while (received < budget && priv->rx_queue ) {
        while ( priv->rx_queue ) {
        printk("snull_dequeue_buf:%p@@@@@@@\n", priv->dev);
        pkt = snull_dequeue_buf(priv->dev);
                skb = dev_alloc_skb(pkt->datalen + 2);
                if (! skb) {
                        if (printk_ratelimit())
                                printk(KERN_NOTICE "snull: packet dropped\n");
                        priv->stats.rx_dropped++;
                        snull_release_buffer(pkt);
                        continue;
                }
                skb_reserve(skb, 2); /* align IP on 16B boundary */  
                memcpy(skb_put(skb, pkt->datalen), pkt->data, pkt->datalen);
                skb->dev = priv->dev;
                skb->protocol = eth_type_trans(skb, priv->dev);
                skb->ip_summed = CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY; /* don't check it */
                netif_receive_skb(skb);
                
                /* Maintain stats */
                priv->stats.rx_packets++;
                priv->stats.rx_bytes += pkt->datalen;
                snull_release_buffer(pkt);
    
                received++;
        }
    //if (received < budget || ! priv->rx_queue) {
    if ( ! priv->rx_queue) {
         printk("napi_complete\n");
        napi_complete(napi);
        snull_rx_ints(priv->dev, 1);
        }

//       netif_start_queue(priv->dev);

        return received;

}

/*
 * A NAPI interrupt handler.
 */
static void snull_napi_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
    int statusword;
    struct snull_priv *priv;

    /*
     * As usual, check the "device" pointer for shared handlers.
     * Then assign "struct device *dev"
     */
    struct net_device *dev = (struct net_device *)dev_id;
    /* ... and check with hw if it's really ours */

    /* paranoid */
    if (!dev)
        return;

    /* Lock the device */
    priv = netdev_priv(dev);
    spin_lock(&priv->lock);

    /* retrieve statusword: real netdevices use I/O instructions */
    statusword = priv->status;
    priv->status = 0;
    if (statusword & SNULL_RX_INTR) {
        printk("napi_schedule\n");

        if (napi_schedule_prep(&priv->napi)) {
                    snull_rx_ints(dev, 0);  /* Disable further interrupts */
             printk("napi_schedule_prep\n");
                    __napi_schedule(&priv->napi);

            }

        }
    if (statusword & SNULL_TX_INTR) {
            /* a transmission is over: free the skb */
        priv->stats.tx_packets++;
        priv->stats.tx_bytes += priv->tx_packetlen;
        dev_kfree_skb(priv->skb);
    }

    /* Unlock the device and we are done */
    spin_unlock(&priv->lock);
    return;
}



/*
 * Transmit a packet (low level interface)
 */
static void snull_hw_tx(char *buf, int len, struct net_device *dev)
{

    /*
     * This function deals with hw details. This interface loops
     * back the packet to the other snull interface (if any).
     * In other words, this function implements the snull behaviour,
     * while all other procedures are rather device-independent
     */
    struct iphdr *ih;
    struct net_device *dest;
    struct snull_priv *priv;
    u32 *saddr, *daddr;
    struct snull_packet *tx_buffer;
    
    /* I am paranoid. Ain't I? */
    if (len < sizeof(struct ethhdr) + sizeof(struct iphdr)) {
        printk("snull: Hmm... packet too short (%i octets)\n",
                len);
        return;
    }

    if (1) { /* enable this conditional to look at the data */
        int i;
        //PDEBUG("len is %i\n" KERN_DEBUG "data:",len);
        printk("len is %i\n" KERN_DEBUG "data:",len);
        //for (i=14 ; i<len; i++)
        for (i=0 ; i<len; i++)
            printk(" %02x",buf[i]&0xff);
        printk("\n");
    }
    /*
     * Ethhdr is 14 bytes, but the kernel arranges for iphdr
     * to be aligned (i.e., ethhdr is unaligned)
     */
    ih = (struct iphdr *)(buf+sizeof(struct ethhdr));

    saddr = &ih->saddr;
    daddr = &ih->daddr;
    //printk("###%08x --> %08x\n", ntohl(ih->saddr), ntohl(ih->daddr));
    ((u8 *)saddr)[2] ^= 1; /* change the third octet (class C) */
    ((u8 *)daddr)[2] ^= 1;

    ih->check = 0;         /* and rebuild the checksum (ip needs it) */
    ih->check = ip_fast_csum((unsigned char *)ih,ih->ihl);

    if (dev == snull_devs[0]) {
            printk("dev0:%08x --> %08x\n", ntohl(ih->saddr), ntohl(ih->daddr));
        }
        //PDEBUGG("%08x:%05i --> %08x:%05i\n",
        //printk("%08x:%05i --> %08x:%05i\n",
        //        ntohl(ih->saddr),ntohs(((struct tcphdr *)(ih+1))->source),
        //        ntohl(ih->daddr),ntohs(((struct tcphdr *)(ih+1))->dest));
    else {
        printk("dev1:%08x <-- %08x\n", ntohl(ih->daddr), ntohl(ih->saddr));

        //printk("%08x:%05i <-- %08x:%05i\n",
        //        ntohl(ih->daddr),ntohs(((struct tcphdr *)(ih+1))->dest),
        //        ntohl(ih->saddr),ntohs(((struct tcphdr *)(ih+1))->source));
    }
    /*
     * Ok, now the packet is ready for transmission: first simulate a
     * receive interrupt on the twin device, then  a
     * transmission-done on the transmitting device
     */
    tx_buffer = snull_get_tx_buffer(dev);
    tx_buffer->datalen = len;
    memcpy(tx_buffer->data, buf, len);

    dest = snull_devs[dev == snull_devs[0] ? 1 : 0];
    priv = netdev_priv(dest);
    snull_enqueue_buf(dest, tx_buffer);
    printk("snull_enqueue_buf\n");
    if (priv->rx_int_enabled) {
        priv->status |= SNULL_RX_INTR;
        snull_interrupt(0, dest, NULL);
    }

    priv = netdev_priv(dev);
    priv->tx_packetlen = len;
    priv->tx_packetdata = buf;
    priv->status |= SNULL_TX_INTR;
    snull_interrupt(0, dev, NULL);
}

/*
 * Transmit a packet (called by the kernel)
 */
int snull_tx(struct sk_buff *skb, struct net_device *dev)
{
    int len;
    char *data, shortpkt[ETH_ZLEN];
    struct snull_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
    
    data = skb->data;
    len = skb->len;
    if (len < ETH_ZLEN) {
        memset(shortpkt, 0, ETH_ZLEN);
        memcpy(shortpkt, skb->data, skb->len);
        len = ETH_ZLEN;
        data = shortpkt;
    }
    dev->trans_start = jiffies; /* save the timestamp */
    /* Remember the skb, so we can free it at interrupt time */
    priv->skb = skb;

    /* actual deliver of data is device-specific, and not shown here */
    snull_hw_tx(data, len, dev);

    return 0; /* Our simple device can not fail */
}
/*
 *  * Return statistics to the caller
 *   */
struct net_device_stats *snull_stats(struct net_device *dev)
{
        struct snull_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
        return &priv->stats;
}
/*
 *  * This function is called to fill up an eth header, since arp is not
 *   * available on the interface
 *    */
int snull_rebuild_header(struct sk_buff *skb)
{
        struct ethhdr *eth = (struct ethhdr *) skb->data;
        struct net_device *dev = skb->dev;

        memcpy(eth->h_source, dev->dev_addr, dev->addr_len);
        memcpy(eth->h_dest, dev->dev_addr, dev->addr_len);
        eth->h_dest[ETH_ALEN-1]   ^= 0x01;   /* dest is us xor 1 */
        return 0;
}


int snull_header(struct sk_buff *skb, struct net_device *dev,
                unsigned short type, void *daddr, void *saddr,
                unsigned int len)
{
        struct ethhdr *eth = (struct ethhdr *)skb_push(skb,ETH_HLEN);

        eth->h_proto = htons(type);
        memcpy(eth->h_source, saddr ? saddr : dev->dev_addr, dev->addr_len);
        memcpy(eth->h_dest,   daddr ? daddr : dev->dev_addr, dev->addr_len);
        eth->h_dest[ETH_ALEN-1]   ^= 0x01;   /* dest is us xor 1 */
        return (dev->hard_header_len);
}
static void snull_set_rx_mode(struct net_device *dev)
{
}
static const struct net_device_ops virtnet_netdev = {
        .ndo_open            = snull_open,
        .ndo_stop            = snull_release,
        .ndo_start_xmit      = snull_tx,
    .ndo_get_stats       = snull_stats,
    .ndo_set_rx_mode     = snull_set_rx_mode,
};

static const struct header_ops      header_op =  {
    .create             = snull_header,
    .rebuild             = snull_rebuild_header,
};


/*
 * The devices
 */

struct net_device *snull_devs[2];



/*
 * Finally, the module stuff
 */

void snull_cleanup(void)
{
    int i;
    
    for (i = 0; i < 2;  i++) {
        if (snull_devs[i]) {
            unregister_netdev(snull_devs[i]);
            snull_teardown_pool(snull_devs[i]);
            free_netdev(snull_devs[i]);
        }
    }
    return;
}




int snull_init_module(void)
{
    int result, i, ret = -ENOMEM;
    struct snull_priv *vi;

    snull_interrupt = snull_napi_interrupt ;
    /* Allocate the devices */
    snull_devs[0] =  alloc_etherdev(sizeof(struct snull_priv));
    snull_devs[1] =  alloc_etherdev(sizeof(struct snull_priv));
    if (!snull_devs[0] || !snull_devs[1])
        return  -ENOMEM;

    for (i = 0; i < 2;  i++) {
        snull_devs[i]->flags           |= IFF_NOARP;
        snull_devs[i]->features        |= NETIF_F_NO_CSUM;
        snull_devs[i]->header_ops = &header_op;
        snull_rx_ints(snull_devs[i], 1);
        snull_setup_pool(snull_devs[i]);
        snull_devs[i]->netdev_ops = &virtnet_netdev;
        vi = netdev_priv(snull_devs[i]);
        vi->dev = snull_devs[i];
        netif_napi_add(snull_devs[i], &vi->napi, snull_poll,2);
    }

    for (i = 0; i < 2;  i++)
        if ((result = register_netdev(snull_devs[i])))
            printk("snull: error %i registering device \"%s\"\n",
                    result, snull_devs[i]->name);
        else {
            ret = 0;
        }
    if (ret)
        snull_cleanup();
    return ret;
}


/*
 * snull.h -- definitions for the network module
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2001 Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet
 * Copyright (C) 2001 O'Reilly & Associates
 *
 * The source code in this file can be freely used, adapted,
 * and redistributed in source or binary form, so long as an
 * acknowledgment appears in derived source files.  The citation
 * should list that the code comes from the book "Linux Device
 * Drivers" by Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet, published
 * by O'Reilly & Associates.   No warranty is attached;
 * we cannot take responsibility for errors or fitness for use.
 */

/*
 * Macros to help debugging
 */

#undef PDEBUG             /* undef it, just in case */
#ifdef SNULL_DEBUG
#  ifdef __KERNEL__
     /* This one if debugging is on, and kernel space */
#    define PDEBUG(fmt, args...) printk( KERN_DEBUG "snull: " fmt, ## args)
#  else
     /* This one for user space */
#    define PDEBUG(fmt, args...) fprintf(stderr, fmt, ## args)
#  endif
#else
#  define PDEBUG(fmt, args...) /* not debugging: nothing */
#endif

#undef PDEBUGG
#define PDEBUGG(fmt, args...) /* nothing: it's a placeholder */


/* These are the flags in the statusword */
#define SNULL_RX_INTR 0x0001
#define SNULL_TX_INTR 0x0002

/* Default timeout period */
#define SNULL_TIMEOUT 5   /* In jiffies */

extern struct net_device *snull_devs[];




module_init(snull_init_module);
module_exit(snull_cleanup);