Linux常用命令总结

1. Useful Links

Command line for beginners
The command line tutorial
Linux kernel web

2. Folder & File

cd /
cd /etc
cd ~
cd home
cd ..
cd ../..	# ../.. means go to parent of parent directory
cd ../../etc
 cd - 	# change to last directory
pwd		# show current directory

mkdir /temp/tutorial 	# create directory
mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3	# create multiple indipendent directories
mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3	# p means parent, create hierarchy directories
mkdir -p -v dir4/dir5	# v means verbose, create and print
mkdir -pv dir4/dir5		#
mkdir “another folder”	# create folder named with spaced words
mkdir -p “folder 6”/”folder 7”

ls -l		
ls > output.txt
ls -a	# show all files including hidden files

cp file1 file2
cp dira ~/dirb
cp -r dira dirb	# copy all contents in dira to dirb, r means recursion
cp -i file1 dira	# if file1 in dira will be overwritten, ask user to confirm, i means interactive
cp dir2/combined.txt . 	# copy the txt file to current directory

cat output.txt	# cat means cancatenate, show the content of file
cat test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt 	# show block of contents connecting multiple files
cat test?.txt 	# ? indicates single character. The representation is called wildcard
cat test*		# * indicates zero or multiple characters
cat test* >> combined.txt 	# append combined files to the txt file
less combined.txt 	# view contents in pages

echo “this is a test”		# show message in terminator
echo “this is a test” > out.txt	# overwritten with new contents
echo “this is a test” >> out.txt	# append new content

mv combined.txt dir1	# move files to the destination (the last term)
mv combined.txt ..
mv dir/* . 	# move all files in dir to current folder, one dot “.” means current directory
mv combined.txt test* dir3 dir2 	# move files and folders to dir2
move combined.txt combined_backup.txt	# rename the file
mv “dir 2” dir2 	# rename the folder

rm combined.txt combined_backup.txt 	# remove files
rm folder_1 	# remove one folder
rm -i t* 	# remove with interactive confirmation
rm -ir dira 	# remove directory 
rmdir folder_* 	# remove only empty folders
rmdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3	# remove parent folders as well
rmdir -r folder_6	# remove folder and everything inside

wc -l file1.txt	# count lines in file1.txt. l means line, wc means word count,

# complete procedure to count number of items inside a folder, but complicated
ls ~ > file_list.txt
wc -l file_list.txt
rm file_list.txt 	

# this is called piping, no intermediate file generated
ls ~ | wc -l
ls /etc | less

uniq 	# output unique lines of a file, only works on adjacent matching lines
 
cat file1 file2 	# display file1 and file2 contents in serial
cat -n file1 	# display file1 and its line number
cat combined.txt | unique | wc -l 	# count the unique lines of a text file
cat combined.txt | unique | less # inspect the unique lines of a text file

sort combined.txt | less 	# sort lines of text file and view
sort combined.txt | unique | wc -l		# coutnt unique lines of a file

# 查看文件类型
file ~/.bashrc
file ~/.vimrc
file *
file /bin/pwd

3. System

su username 	# su means switch user
sudo 	# switch user and do this command, defaulting to 15mins
clear 	# clear screen, but still keep record
reset 	# clear the terminal

man man # 1~9 volume number meaning
man 1 ls 	# from volume 1 of man, shell command ls
man 2 open 	# from volume 2 of man, system call open command

info ls
ls --help
sudo apt-get
sudo apt-add-repository
sudo apt install tree 	# sudo means running it as superuser 
# apt works with instruction to perform, rather than files 
# install is the instruction and tree is its first parameter
sudo su 	# root shell, to run a series of commands as the superuser
 
.filename	# hidden files with one dot prefixed

history -d 123
history -c
export HISTSIZE=0

find -name *Linux*.pdf
find /work/ -name "*.txt"
find /home -mtime -2 	# 查找两天内改动的文件

grep -rn "abc" test1.txt	# recursively find and display line number

# which, whereis 查找命令路径
which pwd
which gcc
whereis pwd 查找可执行、头文件和manual的位置

# remount file system to make it writable
sudo mount -o remount,rw /media/xxx/SSD2     

4. Zip & Unzip

# gzip，单个文件压缩，不能压缩目录
# 相同的文件内容，如果文件名不同，压缩后大小不同
gzip -l file.gz 	# 显示压缩包内容
gzip -d file.gz 	# 解压，解压之后压缩包自动消失
gzip -kd file.gz	# 解压，解压之后源文件保留
gzip file			# 压缩文件，源文件消失
gzip -k file		# 压缩文件，源文件保留

# bzip2，单个文件压缩，得到.bz2的文件。
# 语法与gzip相同，小文件使用gzip压缩，大文件使用bzip2压缩。
bzip2 -k folder

# tar，对多个目录和文件进行打包和压缩
# c生成文件包，z使用gzip压缩（命名后缀.tar.gz)
# v显示信息，f表示文件
tar czvf dira.tar.gz dira
# t查看内容
tar tvf dira.tar.gz
# x提取、解压，C解压到目录
tar xzvf dira.tar.gz -C /home/book
# j使用bzip2压缩（命名后缀.tar.bz2)
tar cjvf dira.tar.bz2
tar tvf dira.tar.bz2
tar xjvf dira.tar.bz2

5. Compilation

gcc -v # 查看gcc版本
gcc -o hello helloworld.c # 从源代码helloworld.c编译生成可执行程序hello