文章目录
高等数学
1.导数定义:
导数和微分的概念
f ′ ( x 0 ) = lim Δ x → 0   f ( x 0 + Δ x ) − f ( x 0 ) Δ x f'({ {x}_{0}})=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{f({ {x}_{0}}+\Delta x)-f({ {x}_{0}})}{\Delta x} f′(x0)=Δx→0limΔxf(x0+Δx)−f(x0) (1)
或者:
f ′ ( x 0 ) = lim x → x 0   f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) x − x 0 f'({ {x}_{0}})=\underset{x\to { {x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{f(x)-f({ {x}_{0}})}{x-{ {x}_{0}}} f′(x0)=x→x0limx−x0f(x)−f(x0) (2)
2.左右导数导数的几何意义和物理意义
函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 x 0 x_0 x0处的左、右导数分别定义为:
左导数: f ′ − ( x 0 ) = lim Δ x → 0 −   f ( x 0 + Δ x ) − f ( x 0 ) Δ x = lim x → x 0 −   f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) x − x 0 , ( x = x 0 + Δ x ) { { {f}'}_{-}}({ {x}_{0}})=\underset{\Delta x\to { {0}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{f({ {x}_{0}}+\Delta x)-f({ {x}_{0}})}{\Delta x}=\underset{x\to x_{0}^{-}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{f(x)-f({ {x}_{0}})}{x-{ {x}_{0}}},(x={ {x}_{0}}+\Delta x) f′−(x0)=Δx→0−limΔxf(x0+Δx)−f(x0)=x→x0−limx−x0f(x)−f(x0),(x=x0+Δx)
右导数: f ′ + ( x 0 ) = lim Δ x → 0 +   f ( x 0 + Δ x ) − f ( x 0 ) Δ x = lim x → x 0 +   f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) x − x 0 { { {f}'}_{+}}({ {x}_{0}})=\underset{\Delta x\to { {0}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{f({ {x}_{0}}+\Delta x)-f({ {x}_{0}})}{\Delta x}=\underset{x\to x_{0}^{+}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{f(x)-f({ {x}_{0}})}{x-{ {x}_{0}}} f′+(x0)=Δx→0+limΔxf(x0+Δx)−f(x0)=x→x0+limx−x0f(x)−f(x0)
3.函数的可导性与连续性之间的关系
Th1: 函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 x 0 x_0 x0处可微 ⇔ f ( x ) \Leftrightarrow f(x) ⇔f(x)在 x 0 x_0 x0处可导
Th2: 若函数在点 x 0 x_0 x0处可导,则 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)在点 x 0 x_0 x0处连续,反之则不成立。即函数连续不一定可导。
Th3: f ′ ( x 0 ) {f}'({ {x}_{0}}) f′(x0)存在 ⇔ f ′ − ( x 0 ) = f ′ + ( x 0 ) \Leftrightarrow { { {f}'}_{-}}({ {x}_{0}})={ { {f}'}_{+}}({ {x}_{0}}) ⇔f′−(x0)=f′+(x0)
4.平面曲线的切线和法线
切线方程 : y − y 0 = f ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) y-{
{y}_{0}}=f'({
{x}_{0}})(x-{
{x}_{0}}) y−y0=f′(x0)(x−x0)
法线方程: y − y 0 = − 1 f ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) , f ′ ( x 0 ) ≠ 0 y-{
{y}_{0}}=-\frac{1}{f'({
{x}_{0}})}(x-{
{x}_{0}}),f'({
{x}_{0}})\ne 0 y−y0=−f′(x0)1(x−x0),f′(x0)̸=0
5.四则运算法则
设函数 u = u ( x ) , v = v ( x ) u=u(x),v=v(x) u=u(x),v=v(x)]在点 x x x可导则
(1) ( u ± v ) ′ = u ′ ± v ′ (u\pm v{)}'={u}'\pm {v}' (u±v)′=u′±v′ d ( u ± v ) = d u ± d v d(u\pm v)=du\pm dv d(u±v)=du±dv
(2) ( u v ) ′ = u v ′ + v u ′ (uv{)}'=u{v}'+v{u}' (uv)′=uv′+vu′ d ( u v ) = u d v + v d u d(uv)=udv+vdu d(uv)=udv+vdu
(3) ( u v ) ′ = v u ′ − u v ′ v 2 ( v ≠ 0 ) (\frac{u}{v}{)}'=\frac{v{u}'-u{v}'}{
{
{v}^{2}}}(v\ne 0) (vu)′=v2vu′−uv′(v̸=0) d ( u v ) = v d u − u d v v 2 d(\frac{u}{v})=\frac{vdu-udv}{
{
{v}^{2}}} d(vu)=v2vdu−udv
6.基本导数与微分表
(1) y = c y=c y=c(常数) y ′ = 0 {y}'=0 y′=0 d y = 0 dy=0 dy=0
(2) y = x α y={
{x}^{\alpha }} y=xα($\alpha $为实数) y ′ = α x α − 1 {y}'=\alpha {
{x}^{\alpha -1}} y′=αxα−1 d y = α x α − 1 d x dy=\alpha {
{x}^{\alpha -1}}dx dy=αxα−1dx
(3) y = a x y={
{a}^{x}} y=ax y ′ = a x ln a {y}'={
{a}^{x}}\ln a y′=axlna d y = a x ln a d x dy={
{a}^{x}}\ln adx dy=axlnadx
特例: ( e x ) ′ = e x ({
{
{e}}^{x}}{)}'={
{
{e}}^{x}} (ex)′=ex d ( e x ) = e x d x d({
{
{e}}^{x}})={
{
{e}}^{x}}dx d(ex)=exdx
(4) y ′ = 1 x ln a {y}'=\frac{1}{x\ln a} y′=xlna1
d y = 1 x ln a d x dy=\frac{1}{x\ln a}dx dy=xlna1dx
特例: y = ln x y=\ln x y=lnx ( ln x ) ′ = 1 x (\ln x{)}'=\frac{1}{x} (lnx)′=x1 d ( ln x ) = 1 x d x d(\ln x)=\frac{1}{x}dx d(lnx)=x1dx
(5) y = sin x y=\sin x y=sinx
y ′ = cos x {y}'=\cos x y′=cosx d ( sin x ) = cos x d x d(\sin x)=\cos xdx d(sinx)=cosxdx
(6) y = cos x y=\cos x y=cosx
y ′ = − sin x {y}'=-\sin x y′=−sinx d ( cos x ) = − sin x d x d(\cos x)=-\sin xdx d(cosx)=−sinxdx
(7) y = tan x y=\tan x y=tanx
y ′ = 1 cos 2 x = sec 2 x {y}'=\frac{1}{
{
{\cos }^{2}}x}={
{\sec }^{2}}x y′=cos2x1=sec2x d ( tan x ) = sec 2 x d x d(\tan x)={
{\sec }^{2}}xdx d(tanx)=sec2xdx
(8) y = cot x y=\cot x y=cotx y ′ = − 1 sin 2 x = − csc 2 x {y}'=-\frac{1}{
{
{\sin }^{2}}x}=-{
{\csc }^{2}}x y′=−sin2x1=−csc2x d ( cot x ) = − csc 2 x d x d(\cot x)=-{
{\csc }^{2}}xdx d(cotx)=−csc2xdx
(9) y = sec x y=\sec x y=secx y ′ = sec x tan x {y}'=\sec x\tan x y′=secxtanx
d ( sec x ) = sec x tan x d x d(\sec x)=\sec x\tan xdx d(secx)=secxtanxdx
(10) y = csc x y=\csc x y=cscx y ′ = − csc x cot x {y}'=-\csc x\cot x y′=−cscxcotx
d ( csc x ) = − csc x cot x d x d(\csc x)=-\csc x\cot xdx d(cscx)=−cscxcotxdx
(11) y = arcsin x y=\arcsin x y=arcsinx
y ′ = 1 1 − x 2 {y}'=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{ {x}^{2}}}} y′=1−x21
d ( arcsin x ) = 1 1 − x 2 d x d(\arcsin x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{
{x}^{2}}}}dx d(arcsinx)=1−x21dx
(12) y = arccos x y=\arccos x y=arccosx
y ′ = − 1 1 − x 2 {y}'=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{ {x}^{2}}}} y′=−1−x21 d ( arccos x ) = − 1 1 − x 2 d x d(\arccos x)=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{ {x}^{2}}}}dx d(arccosx)=−1−x21dx
(13) y = arctan x y=\arctan x y=arctanx
y ′ = 1 1 + x 2 {y}'=\frac{1}{1+{ {x}^{2}}} y′=1+x21 d ( arctan x ) = 1 1 + x 2 d x d(\arctan x)=\frac{1}{1+{ {x}^{2}}}dx d(arctanx)=1+x21dx
(14) y = arc cot x y=\operatorname{arc}\cot x y=arccotx
y ′ = − 1 1 + x 2 {y}'=-\frac{1}{1+{ {x}^{2}}} y′=−1+x21
d ( arc cot x ) = − 1 1 + x 2 d x d(\operatorname{arc}\cot x)=-\frac{1}{1+{
{x}^{2}}}dx d(arccotx)=−1+x21dx
(15) y = s h x y=shx y=shx
y ′ = c h x {y}'=chx y′=chx d ( s h x ) = c h x d x d(shx)=chxdx d(shx)=chxdx
(16) y = c h x y=chx y=chx
y ′ = s h x {y}'=shx y′=shx d ( c h x ) = s h x d x d(chx)=shxdx d(chx)=shxdx
7.复合函数,反函数,隐函数以及参数方程所确定的函数的微分法
(1) 反函数的运算法则: 设 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)在点 x x x的某邻域内单调连续,在点 x x x处可导且 f ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 {f}'(x)\ne 0 f′(x)̸=0,则其反函数在点 x x x所对应的 y y y处可导,并且有 d y d x = 1 d x d y \frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{1}{\frac{dx}{dy}} dxdy=dydx1
(2) 复合函数的运算法则:若 μ = φ ( x ) \mu =\varphi (x) μ=φ(x)在点 x x x可导,而 y = f ( μ ) y=f(\mu ) y=f(μ)在对应点 μ \mu μ( μ = φ ( x ) \mu =\varphi (x) μ=φ(x)) 可导,则复合函数 y = f ( φ ( x ) ) y=f(\varphi (x)) y=f(φ(x)) 在点 x x x可导,且 y ′ = f ′ ( μ ) ⋅ φ ′ ( x ) {y}'={f}'(\mu )\cdot {\varphi }'(x) y′=f′(μ)⋅φ′(x)
(3) 隐函数导数 d y d x \frac{dy}{dx} dxdy的求法一般有三种方法:
1)方程两边对 x x x求导,要记住 y y y是 x x x的函数,则 y y y的函数是 x x x的复合函数.例如 1 y \frac{1}{y} y1, y 2 {
{y}^{2}} y2, l n y ln y lny, e y {
{
{e}}^{y}} ey等均是 x x x的复合函数.
对 x x x求导应按复合函数连锁法则做.
2)公式法.由 F ( x , y ) = 0 F(x,y)=0 F(x,y)=0知 d y d x = − F ′ x ( x , y ) F ′ y ( x , y ) \frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{
{
{
{
{F}'}}_{x}}(x,y)}{
{
{
{
{F}'}}_{y}}(x,y)} dxdy=−F′y(x,y)F′x(x,y),其中, F ′ x ( x , y ) {
{
{F}'}_{x}}(x,y) F′x(x,y),
F ′ y ( x , y ) {
{
{F}'}_{y}}(x,y) F′y(x,y)分别表示 F ( x , y ) F(x,y) F(x,y)对 x x x和 y y y的偏导数
3)利用微分形式不变性
8.常用高阶导数公式
(1) ( a x )   ( n ) = a x ln n a ( a > 0 ) ( e x )   ( n ) = e   x ({
{a}^{x}}){
{\,}^{(n)}}={
{a}^{x}}{
{\ln }^{n}}a\quad (a>{0})\quad \quad ({
{
{e}}^{x}}){
{\,}^{(n)}}={e}{
{\,}^{x}} (ax)(n)=axlnna(a>0)(ex)(n)=ex
(2) ( sin k x )   ( n ) = k n sin ( k x + n ⋅ π 2 ) (\sin kx{)}{
{\,}^{(n)}}={
{k}^{n}}\sin (kx+n\cdot \frac{\pi }{
{2}}) (sinkx)(n)=knsin(kx+n⋅2π)
(3) ( cos k x )   ( n ) = k n cos ( k x + n ⋅ π 2 ) (\cos kx{)}{
{\,}^{(n)}}={
{k}^{n}}\cos (kx+n\cdot \frac{\pi }{
{2}}) (coskx)(n)=kncos(kx+n⋅2π)
(4) ( x m )   ( n ) = m ( m − 1 ) ⋯ ( m − n + 1 ) x m − n ({
{x}^{m}}){
{\,}^{(n)}}=m(m-1)\cdots (m-n+1){
{x}^{m-n}} (xm)(n)=m(m−1)⋯(m−n+1)xm−n
(5) ( ln x )   ( n ) = ( − 1 ) ( n − 1 ) ( n − 1 ) ! x n (\ln x){
{\,}^{(n)}}={
{(-{1})}^{(n-{1})}}\frac{(n-{1})!}{
{
{x}^{n}}} (lnx)(n)=(−1)(n−1)xn(n−1)!
(6)莱布尼兹公式:若 u ( x )   , v ( x ) u(x)\,,v(x) u(x),v(x)均 n n n阶可导,则
( u v ) ( n ) = ∑ i = 0 n c n i u ( i ) v ( n − i ) {
{(uv)}^{(n)}}=\sum\limits_{i={0}}^{n}{c_{n}^{i}{
{u}^{(i)}}{
{v}^{(n-i)}}} (uv)(n)=i=0∑ncniu(i)v(n−i),其中 u ( 0 ) = u {
{u}^{({0})}}=u u(0)=u, v ( 0 ) = v {
{v}^{({0})}}=v v(0)=v
9.微分中值定理,泰勒公式
Th1:(费马定理)
若函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)满足条件:
(1)函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 x 0 {
{x}_{0}} x0的某邻域内有定义,并且在此邻域内恒有
f ( x ) ≤ f ( x 0 ) f(x)\le f({
{x}_{0}}) f(x)≤f(x0)或 f ( x ) ≥ f ( x 0 ) f(x)\ge f({
{x}_{0}}) f(x)≥f(x0),
(2) f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 x 0 { {x}_{0}} x0处可导,则有 f ′ ( x 0 ) = 0 {f}'({ {x}_{0}})=0 f′(x0)=0
Th2:(罗尔定理)
设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)满足条件:
(1)在闭区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续;
(2)在 ( a , b ) (a,b) (a,b)内可导;
(3) f ( a ) = f ( b ) f(a)=f(b) f(a)=f(b);
则在 ( a , b ) (a,b) (a,b)内一存在个$\xi $,使 f ′ ( ξ ) = 0 {f}'(\xi )=0 f′(ξ)=0
Th3: (拉格朗日中值定理)
设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)满足条件:
(1)在 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续;
(2)在 ( a , b ) (a,b) (a,b)内可导;
则在 ( a , b ) (a,b) (a,b)内一存在个$\xi $,使 f ( b ) − f ( a ) b − a = f ′ ( ξ ) \frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b-a}={f}'(\xi ) b−af(b)−f(a)=f′(ξ)
Th4: (柯西中值定理)
设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x), g ( x ) g(x) g(x)满足条件:
(1) 在 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续;
(2) 在 ( a , b ) (a,b) (a,b)内可导且 f ′ ( x ) {f}'(x) f′(x), g ′ ( x ) {g}'(x) g′(x)均存在,且 g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 {g}'(x)\ne 0 g′(x)̸=0
则在 ( a , b ) (a,b) (a,b)内存在一个$\xi $,使 f ( b ) − f ( a ) g ( b ) − g ( a ) = f ′ ( ξ ) g ′ ( ξ ) \frac{f(b)-f(a)}{g(b)-g(a)}=\frac{ {f}'(\xi )}{ {g}'(\xi )} g(b)−g(a)f(b)−f(a)=g′(ξ)f′(ξ)
10.洛必达法则
法则Ⅰ ( 0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00型)
设函数 f ( x ) , g ( x ) f\left( x \right),g\left( x \right) f(x),g(x)满足条件:
lim x → x 0   f ( x ) = 0 , lim x → x 0   g ( x ) = 0 \underset{x\to {
{x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=0,\underset{x\to {
{x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,g\left( x \right)=0 x→x0limf(x)=0,x→x0limg(x)=0;
f ( x ) , g ( x ) f\left( x \right),g\left( x \right) f(x),g(x)在 x 0 { {x}_{0}} x0的邻域内可导,(在 x 0 { {x}_{0}} x0处可除外)且 g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 {g}'\left( x \right)\ne 0 g′(x)̸=0;
lim x → x 0   f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) \underset{x\to { {x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{ {f}'\left( x \right)}{ {g}'\left( x \right)} x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)存在(或$\infty $)。
则:
lim x → x 0   f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → x 0   f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) \underset{x\to {
{x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{f\left( x \right)}{g\left( x \right)}=\underset{x\to {
{x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{
{f}'\left( x \right)}{
{g}'\left( x \right)} x→x0limg(x)f(x)=x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)。
法则 I ′ {
{I}'} I′ ( 0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00型)设函数 f ( x ) , g ( x ) f\left( x \right),g\left( x \right) f(x),g(x)满足条件:
lim x → ∞   f ( x ) = 0 , lim x → ∞   g ( x ) = 0 \underset{x\to \infty }{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=0,\underset{x\to \infty }{\mathop{\lim }}\,g\left( x \right)=0 x→∞limf(x)=0,x→∞limg(x)=0;
存在一个 X > 0 X>0 X>0,当 ∣ x ∣ > X \left| x \right|>X ∣x∣>X时, f ( x ) , g ( x ) f\left( x \right),g\left( x \right) f(x),g(x)可导,且 g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 {g}'\left( x \right)\ne 0 g′(x)̸=0; lim x → x 0   f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) \underset{x\to { {x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{ {f}'\left( x \right)}{ {g}'\left( x \right)} x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)存在(或 ∞ \infty ∞)。
则:
lim x → x 0   f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → x 0   f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) \underset{x\to {
{x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{f\left( x \right)}{g\left( x \right)}=\underset{x\to {
{x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{
{f}'\left( x \right)}{
{g}'\left( x \right)} x→x0limg(x)f(x)=x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)
法则Ⅱ( ∞ ∞ \frac{\infty }{\infty } ∞∞型) 设函数 f ( x ) , g ( x ) f\left( x \right),g\left( x \right) f(x),g(x)满足条件:
lim x → x 0   f ( x ) = ∞ , lim x → x 0   g ( x ) = ∞ \underset{x\to {
{x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( x \right)=\infty ,\underset{x\to {
{x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,g\left( x \right)=\infty x→x0limf(x)=∞,x→x0limg(x)=∞; f ( x ) , g ( x ) f\left( x \right),g\left( x \right) f(x),g(x)在 x 0 {
{x}_{0}} x0 的邻域内可导(在 x 0 {
{x}_{0}} x0处可除外)且 g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 {g}'\left( x \right)\ne 0 g′(x)̸=0; lim x → x 0   f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) \underset{x\to {
{x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{
{f}'\left( x \right)}{
{g}'\left( x \right)} x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)存在(或 ∞ \infty ∞)。则
lim x → x 0   f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → x 0   f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) . \underset{x\to {
{x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{f\left( x \right)}{g\left( x \right)}=\underset{x\to {
{x}_{0}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\frac{
{f}'\left( x \right)}{
{g}'\left( x \right)}. x→x0limg(x)f(x)=x→x0limg′(x)f′(x).同理法则 I I ′ {I{I}'} II′( ∞ ∞ \frac{\infty }{\infty } ∞∞型)仿法则 I ′ {
{I}'} I′可写出。
11.泰勒公式
设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在点 x 0 {
{x}_{0}} x0处的某邻域内具有 n + 1 n+1 n+1阶导数,则对该邻域内异于 x 0 {
{x}_{0}} x0的任意点 x x x,在 x 0 {
{x}_{0}} x0与 x x x之间至少存在
一个$\xi $,使得:
f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) + 1 2 ! f ′ ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ⋯ f(x)=f({
{x}_{0}})+{f}'({
{x}_{0}})(x-{
{x}_{0}})+\frac{1}{2!}{f}''({
{x}_{0}}){
{(x-{
{x}_{0}})}^{2}}+\cdots f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(x−x0)+2!1f′′(x0)(x−x0)2+⋯
+ f ( n ) ( x 0 ) n ! ( x − x 0 ) n + R n ( x ) +\frac{
{
{f}^{(n)}}({
{x}_{0}})}{n!}{
{(x-{
{x}_{0}})}^{n}}+{
{R}_{n}}(x) +n!f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+Rn(x)
其中 R n ( x ) = f ( n + 1 ) ( ξ ) ( n + 1 ) ! ( x − x 0 ) n + 1 {
{R}_{n}}(x)=\frac{
{
{f}^{(n+1)}}(\xi )}{(n+1)!}{
{(x-{
{x}_{0}})}^{n+1}} Rn(x)=(n+1)!f(n+1)(ξ)(x−x0)n+1称为 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在点 x 0 {
{x}_{0}} x0处的 n n n阶泰勒余项。
令 x 0 = 0 {
{x}_{0}}=0 x0=0,则 n n n阶泰勒公式
f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + f ′ ( 0 ) x + 1 2 ! f ′ ′ ( 0 ) x 2 + ⋯ + f ( n ) ( 0 ) n ! x n + R n ( x ) f(x)=f(0)+{f}'(0)x+\frac{1}{2!}{f}''(0){
{x}^{2}}+\cdots +\frac{
{
{f}^{(n)}}(0)}{n!}{
{x}^{n}}+{
{R}_{n}}(x) f(x)=f(0)+f′(0)x+2!1f′′(0)x2+⋯+n!f(n)(0)xn+Rn(x)……(1)
其中 R n ( x ) = f ( n + 1 ) ( ξ ) ( n + 1 ) ! x n + 1 {
{R}_{n}}(x)=\frac{
{
{f}^{(n+1)}}(\xi )}{(n+1)!}{
{x}^{n+1}} Rn(x)=(n+1)!f(n+1)(ξ)xn+1,$\xi 在 0 与 在0与 在0与x$之间.(1)式称为麦克劳林公式
常用五种函数在 x 0 = 0 { {x}_{0}}=0 x0=0处的泰勒公式
(1) e x = 1 + x + 1 2 ! x 2 + ⋯ + 1 n ! x n + x n + 1 ( n + 1 ) ! e ξ { { {e}}^{x}}=1+x+\frac{1}{2!}{ {x}^{2}}+\cdots +\frac{1}{n!}{ {x}^{n}}+\frac{ { {x}^{n+1}}}{(n+1)!}{ {e}^{\xi }} ex=1+x+2!1x2+⋯+n!1xn+(n+1)!xn+1eξ
或 = 1 + x + 1 2 ! x 2 + ⋯ + 1 n ! x n + o ( x n ) =1+x+\frac{1}{2!}{ {x}^{2}}+\cdots +\frac{1}{n!}{ {x}^{n}}+o({ {x}^{n}}) =1+x+2!1x2+⋯+n!1xn+o(xn)
(2) sin x = x − 1 3 ! x 3 + ⋯ + x n n ! sin n π 2 + x n + 1 ( n + 1 ) ! sin ( ξ + n + 1 2 π ) \sin x=x-\frac{1}{3!}{ {x}^{3}}+\cdots +\frac{ { {x}^{n}}}{n!}\sin \frac{n\pi }{2}+\frac{ { {x}^{n+1}}}{(n+1)!}\sin (\xi +\frac{n+1}{2}\pi ) sinx=x−3!1x3+⋯+n!xnsin2nπ