基本概念
- 中介者模式(Mediator Pattern),使用一个中介对象来封装一系列的对象交互。中介者使各个对象不需要显示地互相引用,从而使其耦合松散,而且可以独立地改变它们之间的交互
- 中介者模式属于行为型模式,使代码易于维护
- 比如MVC模式,C(Controller控制器)是M(Model模型)和V(View视图)的中介者,在前后端交互时起到了中间人的作用
原理类图
说明:1)Mediator就是抽象中介者,定义了同事对象到中介者对象的接口。2)Colleague是抽象同事类。3)ConcreteMediator具体的中介者对象,实现抽象方法,它需要知道所有的具体的同时类,即以一个集合来管理HashMap,并接受某个同事对象消息,完成相应的任务。4)ConcreteColleague具体的同事类,会有很多,每个同事只知道自己的行为,而不了解其他同事类的行为(方法),但是他们都依赖中介者对象。
案例:智能家庭管理
- 需求:1)智能家庭包括各种设备,闹钟、咖啡机、电视机、窗帘等。2)主人要看电视时,各个设备可以协同工作,自动完成看电视的准备工作,比如流程为:闹铃响起->咖啡机开始做咖啡->窗帘自动落下->电视机开始播放
- UML图:
- 主要代码
1)抽象同事类Colleague:
public abstract class Colleague {
private Mediator mediator;
public String name;
public Colleague(Mediator mediator, String name) {
this.mediator = mediator;
this.name = name;
}
public Mediator getMediator() {
return this.mediator;
}
public abstract void sendMessage(int stateChange);
}
2)具体同事类Alarm:
public class Alarm extends Colleague {
public Alarm(Mediator mediator, String name) {
super(mediator, name);
//在创建Alarm的同时,将自己放入到ConcreteMediator中
mediator.register(name, this);
}
public void sendAlarm(int stateChange) {
sendMessage(stateChange);
}
@Override
public void sendMessage(int stateChange) {
this.getMediator().getMessage(stateChange, this.name);
}
}
3)具体同事类CoffeeMachine:
public class CoffeeMachine extends Colleague {
public CoffeeMachine(Mediator mediator, String name) {
super(mediator, name);
mediator.register(name, this);
}
@Override
public void sendMessage(int stateChange) {
getMediator().getMessage(stateChange, this.name);
}
public void startCoffee() {
System.out.println("It`s time to startCoffee");
}
public void finishCoffee() {
System.out.println("After 5 minutes");
System.out.println("Coffee is ok");
sendMessage(0);
}
}
4)抽象中介者Mediator:
public abstract class Mediator {
//将给中介者对象,加入到集合中
public abstract void register(String colleagueName, Colleague colleague);
//接收消息,具体的同时对象发出
public abstract void getMessage(int stateChange, String colleagueName);
public abstract void sendMessage();
}
5)具体的中介者ConcreteMediator:
import java.util.HashMap;
//具体中介者类
public class ConcreteMediator extends Mediator {
private HashMap<String, Colleague> colleagueHashMap;
private HashMap<String, String> interMap;
public ConcreteMediator() {
colleagueHashMap = new HashMap<>();
interMap = new HashMap<>();
}
@Override
public void register(String colleagueName, Colleague colleague) {
colleagueHashMap.put(colleagueName, colleague);
if (colleague instanceof Alarm) {
interMap.put("Alarm", colleagueName);
} else if (colleague instanceof CoffeeMachine) {
interMap.put("CoffeeMachine", colleagueName);
} else if (colleague instanceof TV) {
interMap.put("TV", colleagueName);
} else if (colleague instanceof Curtains) {
interMap.put("Curtains", colleagueName);
}
}
//具体中介者的核心方法
//根据得到的消息,完成对应的任务
//中介者在这个方法,协调各个具体的同时对象,完成任务
@Override
public void getMessage(int stateChange, String colleagueName) {
if (colleagueHashMap.get(colleagueName) instanceof Alarm) {
if (stateChange == 0) {
//煮咖啡
((CoffeeMachine) colleagueHashMap.get(interMap.get("CoffeeMachine"))).startCoffee();
//开电视
((TV) colleagueHashMap.get(interMap.get("TV"))).startTV();
} else if (stateChange == 1) {
//关闭电视
((TV) colleagueHashMap.get(interMap.get("TV"))).stopTV();
}
} else if (colleagueHashMap.get(colleagueName) instanceof CoffeeMachine) {
((Curtains) colleagueHashMap.get(interMap.get("Curtains"))).upCurtains();
} else if (colleagueHashMap.get(colleagueName) instanceof TV) {
} else if (colleagueHashMap.get(colleagueName) instanceof Curtains) {
}
}
@Override
public void sendMessage() {
}
}
6)调用:
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创造一个中介者对象
Mediator mediator = new ConcreteMediator();
//创建Alarm并加入到ConcreteMediator对象的HashMap中
Alarm alarm = new Alarm(mediator, "alarm");
//创建coffeeMachine,并加入到ConcreteMediator的HashMap中
CoffeeMachine coffeeMachine = new CoffeeMachine(mediator, "coffeeMachine");
//创建Curtains并加入到ConcreteMediator对象的HashMap中
Curtains curtains = new Curtains(mediator, "curtains");
TV tv = new TV(mediator, "TV");
//让闹钟发出消息
alarm.sendAlarm(0);
coffeeMachine.finishCoffee();
alarm.sendAlarm(1);
}
}
总结
- 多个类相互耦合,会形成网状结构,使用中介者模式将网状结构分离为星型结构,进行解耦
- 减少类间依赖,降低了耦合,符合迪米特原则
- 中介者承担了较多的责任,一单中介者出现了问题,整个系统就会受到影响
- 如果设计不当,中介者对象本身变得过于复杂,这点在实际使用时要特别注意。