面向对象编程

• 看一个简单的例子：

class Team():
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = "Tampa Bay Buccaneers"
bucs = Team()
print(bucs.name)
'''
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
'''

当调用Team()函数时，会自动调用init函数，self是自动传入到init中的参数，它指向当前操作的对象。

• 并且可以通过init参数给对象添加属性：

class Team():
    def __init__(self,name ):
        self.name = name
giants = Team("New York Giants")

也可以给类创建函数，当调用函数时，会自动传入self参数，调用时不用显示的添加self参数。self用来访问当前对象的属性和方法。

• 实例方法（instance method）：

此处的print_name函数就是实例方法，它要显示调用，而不像init函数一样被自动调用。

class Team():
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def print_name(self):
        print(self.name)

• 一个稍微复杂一点的例子：

import csv

f = open("nfl.csv", 'r') # game data
nfl = list(csv.reader(f)) 

# The nfl data is loaded into the nfl variable.
class Team():
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def print_name(self):
        print(self.name)

    def count_total_wins(self):
        count = 0
        for row in nfl:
            if row[2] == self.name:
                count = count + 1
        return count

broncos = Team("Denver Broncos")
broncos_wins = broncos.count_total_wins()

chiefs = Team("Kansas City Chiefs")
chiefs_wins = chiefs.count_total_wins()

• 在上面这个例子中，我们load数据的时候是在类外部，这样共享代码的时候，别人调用nfl的时候回出错，因此我们需要将整体封装起来，包括数据的加载，在创建一个类对象的同时加载数据。

import csv
class Team():
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        f = open("nfl.csv", 'r')
        csvreader = csv.reader(f)
        self.nfl = list(csvreader)

    def count_total_wins(self):
        count = 0
        for row in self.nfl: # 由于是对象的属性，必须加上self
            if row[2] == self.name:
                count = count + 1
        return count
jaguars = Team("Jacksonville Jaguars")
jaguars_wins = jaguars.count_total_wins()

• 再添加一个函数（某个球队某年胜利的场次）

import csv
class Team():
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        f = open("nfl.csv", 'r')
        csvreader = csv.reader(f)
        self.nfl = list(csvreader)

    def count_total_wins(self):
        count = 0
        for row in self.nfl:
            if row[2] == self.name:
                count = count + 1
        return count

    def count_wins_in_year(self, year):
        count = 0
        for row in self.nfl:
            if row[2] == self.name and row[0] == year:
                count += 1
        return count

niners = Team("San Francisco 49ers")
niners_wins_2013 = niners.count_wins_in_year("2013")