HAM无线电

1 电磁波的波段命名
1）HF：0.003 to 0.03 GHz，High Frequency
2）VHF：0.03 to 0.3 GHz，Very High Frequency
3）UHF：0.3 to 1 GHz，Ultra High Frequency
4）L：1 to 2 GHz，Long wave
5）S：2 to 4 GHz，Short wave
6）C：4 to 8 GHz，S和X的折中，妥协（Compromise）
7）X：8 to 12 GHz，火控雷达，X代表准心（Crosshair）
8）Ku：12 to 18 GHz，Kurz-under，表示短以下
9）K：18 to 27 GHz，Kurz，德语表示短
10）Ka：27 to 40 GHz，Kurz-above，表示短以上
11）mm or G：110 to 300 GHz，Millimeter，毫米波（其实一般包含30 - 300 GHz）

2 天线
2.1 杜邦线对比漆包线
[19-Mar-2022]
杜邦线，也就是多股铜线，多股线受趋肤效应小，高频信号响应更好，当然如果有屏蔽线那是最好了。

2.2 天线设计软件
ANTENNA DESIGN PROGRAMS
http://www.ve3sqb.com/

2.3 天线测试设备
驻波表

2.4 天线参数计算
1）八木天线：主振子长度等于1/2波长。
2）拉杆天线：天线长度等于1/2波长。
3）GPS螺旋天线：螺旋直径等于1/2波长。
4）Wi-Fi偶极子天线：2.4GHz的频率，波长约为12.49 cm左右。偶极子的一半是向左突出的白线，而偶极子的另一半是金属圆柱。每一半与另一半电绝缘，并且长度约为1/4波长。类似的天线具有大约2dBi的增益，并且呈现出相对圆形的辐射图案。
5）PIFA：手机天线，矩形辐射体PIFA天线长边和宽边之和近似等于Lambda / 4

3 收音机
3.1 AM重要元器件
AM中周中频是465KHz，DSP低中频是45KHz。
FM中周中频10.7MHz，DSP低中频是120KHz。

磁棒天线：单根漆包线绕制或者采用多股线（杜邦线就是多股线）绕制，次级圈数一般取初级圈数的1/10，多点少点都可以。

双联电容：将两只可变电容器的动片合装在同一转轴上，组成同轴可变的电容器。两个可变电容器同轴链接，同步动作，称为双联可变电容，俗称双联电容。双联电容器的一支产生本振频率Fo，本振频率Fo比被接收信号的频率Fs高一个中频Fo - Fs = 465KHz（overseas 455KHz）；另一支与中周一起用于确保差频等于465kHz。双联电容器已被陶瓷滤波器取代。

中周：中周变压器或LC谐振，也是电感器的一种，故其符号也是L，长方体的铁壳，装有可旋转的磁芯，用以调节其谐振频率，谐振频率465KHz，谐振频率465KHz低于AM最低接收频率535KHz。中周还能滿足各种形式晶体管放大电路的不同输入、输出阻抗要求，中频变压器还兼有阻抗匹配功能，使得各级电路都能工作在最佳状态，保证了收音机性能。超外差式收音机中一般有3个中周。小时候使用螺丝刀调整过中周的可旋转磁芯，只是不知道那个元器件叫中周。

DSP：集成电路内部类似于AM模拟收音机中周的部件输出低中频信号45KHz被ADC数字化后，由DSP进行数字化处理。

zhihu: 这是什么电子元件，为什么现在的电子产品中好像都见不到了？

3.2 单片收音集成电路Single Chip Radio
无锡华润华晶微电子: CD1691/CD1191
Samsung: KA22426/KA22425
Silicon Labs: si4825
Sony: CXA1019
Toshiba: AM TA7641BP, 1980s; TA8127, 1990s; AM/FM single IC after 1987

3.3 I2C接口收音集成电路
数字DSP收音芯片中集成了PLL，PLL产生本振频率Fo，通过I2C控制，本振频率Fo比被接收信号的频率Fs高一个低中频。使用低中频的目的是为了减少ADC采样时的数据量。

3.4 Head Unit
CVR: Cockpit Voice Recorder is short for CVR, part number FA2100. TI DSP x 2, QuickLogic MCU, Intel SLC Nand Flash
宏光Mini：AU7860A
致胜CD机：NEC V850 70F3237M2GJA

4 RTL2832U
4.1 RTL2832U
https://homepages.uni-regensburg.de/~erc24492/SDR/Data_rtl2832u.pdf
The RTL2832U integrates CPU 8051. The RTL2832U supports tuners at IF (Intermediate Frequency, 36.125MHz), low-IF (4.57MHz), or Zero-IF output using a 28.8MHz crystal.

Two USB endpoints: one control, one bulk Endpoint A for MPEG2-TS 188-byte packet including 4-byte header (1-byte Sync, 3-bit conf, 13-bit PID, 1-byte CC).

The V4L/DVB kernel developer Antti Palosaari, who discovered an undocumented operation mode (SDR mode: disable page0 DAGC.bit5) for some USB DVB-T dongles based on the Realtek RTL2832U chipset, enabling them to be used as a cheap Software Defined Radio (SDR) front-end. The key feature is that the chip allows transferring raw I/Q samples to the host, which in principle is responsible for DAB/DVB+/FM demodulation. 

Rafael Micro R820T2 is a non Zero-IF tuner IC.

4.2 USB驱动安装工具Zadig
Akeo Consulting is a small Software Development company, established in the North-West of Ireland, in the breathtaking wilderness of County Donegal.
Zadig - USB driver installation made easy, based on Windows Driver Installer library (libwdi).
https://zadig.akeo.ie/

4.3 SDR-Sharp for Windows
SDR# (aka “SDRSharp”) is an easy-to-use yet small and fast Software Defined Radio application for Windows created by Youssef Touil with collaborative assistance from other talented software engineers. SDR# is written in C#, a modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft.

Download SDR-Sharp for Windows from airspy dot com.
Run install-rtlsdr dot bat after uncompress the zip file.

Because most of the RTL2832U devices are connected using USB, the librtlsdr library depends on the libusb library to communicate with the device.
SDR-Sharp
rtlsdr.dll
libusb-1.0.dll
WinUSB
RTL2832U

4.4 HDSDR
ExtIO_RTL2832.dll (Extended Input/Output) is a wrapper of librtlsdr. Latest version of librtlsdr and libusbx was used to make the dll.

5 osmo-fl2k
After reverse-engineering the USB protocol of the FL2000 in 2016, Steve Markgraf discovered through experimentation that it is possible to operate the FL2000 in a way that both horizontal and vertical synchronization are disabled, thus creating a continous stream of samples. This work resulted in osmo-fl2k, which so far was used to transmit low-power FM, DAB, DVB-T, GSM, UMTS and GPS signals.
VGA Red pin of 15 pins is connected to FM antenna.

6 Abbreviations
AF3371：AccFast，Acc表示Access
CW：Continuous Wave，等幅电报通信
DX：Distant eXchange
ESS ES8380：Electronic Speech Systems
HAM：业余无线电，由三个人的姓的第一个字母组成
ICOM：Inoue Communication Electronics
osmocom: Open Source MObile COMmunication for RTL SDR, founded by Steve Markgraf
PIFA：Planar Inverted F-shaped Antenna
SSB：Single Side Band