原理指导:我们通过vmalloc在内存中开辟一部分空间,作为一个虚拟的磁盘,然后我们以块设备的方式来访问这片内存,例如这个sbull模型。
sbull(Simple Block Utility for Loading Localities),该驱动程序实现了一个使用系统内存的块设备,从本质上讲,属于一种 RAM 磁盘驱动程序。字符设备的IO操作则是直接不绕弯的,块设备的IO操作会配对和整合。驱动的任务是处理请求,对于这些请求的排队和整合的工作有IO调度算法处理。所以块设备的核心工作就是:请求处理函数或者是制造请求。Block_devices_operations结构体中没有读写一类的成员函数,而只是包含打开、释放和IO控制等函数。
块设备的流程:
(1)先把模块模型搭建好
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
static struct block_device_operations sbull_ops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = sbull_open,
.release = sbull_release,
.media_changed = sbull_media_changed,
.revalidate_disk = sbull_revalidate,
.ioctl = sbull_ioctl,
.getgeo = sbull_getgeo,
};
module_init(sbull_init);
module_exit(sbull_exit);
(2)定义一个我们用内存虚拟出来的块设备sbull_dev
struct sbull_dev {
int size; /* Device size in sectors */
u8 *data; /* The data array */
short users; /* How many users */
short media_change; /* Flag a media change? */
spinlock_t lock; /* For mutual exclusion */
struct request_queue *queue; /* The device request queue */
struct gendisk *gd; /* The gendisk structure */
struct timer_list timer; /* For simulated media changes */
};
这个设备结构体是我们工作的核心,也许你不知道需要哪些成员,不要紧,还是那句话,编写驱动的时候,需要设备表现出那些性质和功能,相应的添加上就OK了。
(3)设备的初始化
sbull_init( ){
一、sbull_major = register_blkdev(sbull_major, "sbull");
二、Static struct sbull_dev *Devices = kmalloc(ndevices*sizeof (struct sbull_dev), GFP_KERNEL);//在这里可以对Kmalloc的结果判断下,然后进一步处理...
三、setup_device()跳到我们设备注册函数中去
}//初始化函数结束
(4)开始注册我们的这个设备
setup_device( ){ //安装(注册)一个设备前,一定要保证它被初始化了
这些成员都得出初始化好:
一、 int size; /* Device size in sectors */
u8 *data; /* The data array */
short users; /* How many users */
spinlock_t lock; /* For mutual exclusion */
struct request_queue *queue; /* The device request queue */
struct gendisk *gd; /* The gendisk structure */
二、add_disk(dev->gd);//这个重要的注册函数 }//函数结束
(5)扇区大小、data数组、user、锁lock的初始化:
一、dev->size = nsectors*hardsect_size;
dev->data = vmalloc(dev->size);
spin_lock_init(&dev->lock);
二、//dev->queue = blk_alloc_queue(GFP_KERNEL); //RM_NOQUEUE
//dev->queue = blk_init_queue(sbull_full_request, &dev->lock); //RM_FULL
dev->queue = blk_init_queue(sbull_request, &dev->lock); //RM_SIMPLE
(6)告知内核硬件扇区尺寸、和timer模拟的初始化
blk_queue_logical_block_size(dev->queue, hardsect_size);
init_timer(&dev->timer);
dev->timer.data = (unsigned long) dev;
dev->timer.function = sbull_invalidate;gendisk初始化
一、初始化gendisk:
dev->gd = alloc_disk(SBULL_MINORS);
二、 初始化gendisk的成员
dev->gd->major = sbull_major;
dev->gd->first_minor = which*SBULL_MINORS;
dev->gd->fops = &sbull_ops;
dev->gd->queue = dev->queue;
dev->gd->private_data = dev;
(7)设置gendisk容量为xxx_size个扇区大小
set_capacity(dev->gd , nsectors*(hardsect_size / KERNEL_SECTOR_SIZE));
(8)剩下的就是为devices_operation结构体里声明的那些接口进行实现:
.open = sbull_open,
.release = sbull_release,
.media_changed = sbull_media_changed,
.revalidate_disk = sbull_revalidate,
.ioctl = sbull_ioctl,
.getgeo = sbull_getgeo,
一、sbull_open(struct block_device *bdev,fmode_t mode )
二、sbull_release(struct gendisk *bd_disk, fmode_t mode)
三、sbull_media_changed(struct gendisk *gd)
四、sbull_revalidate(struct gendisk *gd)
五、sbull_invalidate(unsigned long ldev)
六、sbull_ioctl (struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
七、sbull_getgeo(struct block_device *bdev, struct hd_geometry *geo)
以下是代码:
/*
* Sample disk driver for 2.6.35.
*/
//#include <linux/autoconf.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h> /* printk() */
#include <linux/slab.h> /* kmalloc() */
#include <linux/fs.h> /* everything... */
#include <linux/errno.h> /* error codes */
#include <linux/timer.h>
#include <linux/types.h> /* size_t */
#include <linux/fcntl.h> /* O_ACCMODE */
#include <linux/hdreg.h> /* HDIO_GETGEO */
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/genhd.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h> /* invalidate_bdev */
#include <linux/bio.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
static int sbull_major = 0;
module_param(sbull_major, int, 0);
static int hardsect_size = 512;
module_param(hardsect_size, int, 0);
static int nsectors = 25600; /* How big the drive is */
module_param(nsectors, int, 0);
static int ndevices = 1;
module_param(ndevices, int, 0);
/*
* The different "request modes" we can use.
*/
enum {
RM_SIMPLE = 0, /* The extra-simple request function */
RM_FULL = 1, /* The full-blown version */
RM_NOQUEUE = 2, /* Use make_request */
};
//static int request_mode = RM_FULL;
//static int request_mode = RM_SIMPLE;
static int request_mode = RM_NOQUEUE;
module_param(request_mode, int, 0);
/*
* Minor number and partition management.
*/
#define SBULL_MINORS 16
#define MINOR_SHIFT 4
#define DEVNUM(kdevnum) (MINOR(kdev_t_to_nr(kdevnum)) >> MINOR_SHIFT
/*
* We can tweak our hardware sector size, but the kernel talks to us
* in terms of small sectors, always.
*/
#define KERNEL_SECTOR_SIZE 512
/*
* After this much idle time, the driver will simulate a media change.
*/
#define INVALIDATE_DELAY 60*HZ
/*
* The internal representation of our device.
*/
struct sbull_dev {
int size; /* Device size in sectors */
u8 *data; /* The data array */
short users; /* How many users */
short media_change; /* Flag a media change? */
spinlock_t lock; /* For mutual exclusion */
struct request_queue *queue; /* The device request queue */
struct gendisk *gd; /* The gendisk structure */
struct timer_list timer; /* For simulated media changes */
};
static struct sbull_dev *Devices = NULL;
/*
* Handle an I/O request.
*/
static void sbull_transfer(struct sbull_dev *dev, unsigned long sector,
unsigned long nsect, char *buffer, int write)
{
unsigned long offset = sector*KERNEL_SECTOR_SIZE;
unsigned long nbytes = nsect*KERNEL_SECTOR_SIZE;
//printk("<0>""in %s offset=%d nbytes=%d write=%d\n",__FUNCTION__,offset,nbytes,write);
//buffer[10]='\0';
//printk(buffer);
//printk("\n");
if ((offset + nbytes) > dev->size) {
printk (KERN_NOTICE "Beyond-end write (%ld %ld)\n", offset, nbytes);
return;
}
if (write)
memcpy(dev->data + offset, buffer, nbytes);
else
memcpy(buffer, dev->data + offset, nbytes);
}
/*The simple form of the request function.*/
static void sbull_request(struct request_queue *q)
{
struct request *req;
req = blk_fetch_request(q);
while (req != NULL) {
struct sbull_dev *dev = req->rq_disk->private_data;
if (! blk_fs_request(req)) {
printk (KERN_NOTICE "Skip non-fs request\n");
__blk_end_request_all(req, -EIO);
continue;
}
// printk (KERN_NOTICE "Req dev %d dir %ld sec %ld, nr %d f %lx\n",
// dev - Devices, rq_data_dir(req),
// req->sector, req->current_nr_sectors,
// req->flags);
// printk("sectors=%d\n",req->current_nr_sectors);
sbull_transfer(dev, blk_rq_pos(req), blk_rq_cur_sectors(req),
req->buffer, rq_data_dir(req));
if ( ! __blk_end_request_cur(req, 0) ) {
req = NULL;
}
}
}
/*
* Transfer a single BIO.
*/
static int sbull_xfer_bio(struct sbull_dev *dev, struct bio *bio)
{
int i;
struct bio_vec *bvec;
sector_t sector = bio->bi_sector;
/* Do each segment independently. */
bio_for_each_segment(bvec, bio, i) {
char *buffer = __bio_kmap_atomic(bio, i, KM_USER0);
sbull_transfer(dev, sector, bio_cur_bytes(bio)>>9 ,
buffer, bio_data_dir(bio) == WRITE);
sector += bio_cur_bytes(bio)>>9;
__bio_kunmap_atomic(bio, KM_USER0);
}
return 0; /* Always "succeed" */
}
/*
* Transfer a full request.
*/
static int sbull_xfer_request(struct sbull_dev *dev, struct request *req)
{
struct bio *bio;
int nsect = 0;
__rq_for_each_bio(bio, req) {
sbull_xfer_bio(dev, bio);
nsect += bio->bi_size/KERNEL_SECTOR_SIZE;
}
return nsect;
}
/*
* Smarter request function that "handles clustering".*/
static void sbull_full_request(struct request_queue *q)
{
struct request *req;
int nsect;
struct sbull_dev *dev ;
req = blk_fetch_request(q);
dev = req->rq_disk->private_data;
while (req != NULL) {
if (! blk_fs_request(req)) {
printk (KERN_NOTICE "Skip non-fs request\n");
__blk_end_request_all(req, -EIO);
continue;
}
// printk (KERN_NOTICE "Req dev %d dir %ld sec %ld, nr %d f %lx\n",
// dev - Devices, rq_data_dir(req),
// req->sector, req->current_nr_sectors,
// req->flags);
// printk("sectors=%d\n",req->current_nr_sectors);
nsect = sbull_xfer_request(dev, req);
__blk_end_request(req, 0, (nsect<<9));
// req = blk_fetch_request(q);
req = NULL;
}
}
//The direct make request version
static int sbull_make_request(struct request_queue *q, struct bio *bio)
{
struct sbull_dev *dev = q->queuedata;
int status;
status = sbull_xfer_bio(dev, bio);
//bio_endio(bio, bio->bi_size, status);
bio_endio(bio, status);
return 0;
}
/*
* Open and close.
*/
static int sbull_open(struct block_device *bdev,fmode_t mode )
{
struct sbull_dev *dev = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
//printk("<0>" "fdfjdlksjfdlkj\n");
del_timer_sync(&dev->timer);
spin_lock(&dev->lock);
if (! dev->users)
check_disk_change(bdev);
dev->users++;
spin_unlock(&dev->lock);
return 0;
}
static int sbull_release(struct gendisk *bd_disk, fmode_t mode)
{
struct sbull_dev *dev = bd_disk->private_data;
spin_lock(&dev->lock);
dev->users--;
if (!dev->users) {
dev->timer.expires = jiffies + INVALIDATE_DELAY;
add_timer(&dev->timer);
}
spin_unlock(&dev->lock);
return 0;
}
/*
* Look for a (simulated) media change.
*/
int sbull_media_changed(struct gendisk *gd)
{
struct sbull_dev *dev = gd->private_data;
return dev->media_change;
}
/*
* Revalidate. WE DO NOT TAKE THE LOCK HERE, for fear of deadlocking
* with open. That needs to be reevaluated.
*/
int sbull_revalidate(struct gendisk *gd)
{
struct sbull_dev *dev = gd->private_data;
if (dev->media_change) {
dev->media_change = 0;
memset (dev->data, 0, dev->size);
}
return 0;
}
/*
* The "invalidate" function runs out of the device timer; it sets
* a flag to simulate the removal of the media.
*/
void sbull_invalidate(unsigned long ldev)
{
struct sbull_dev *dev = (struct sbull_dev *) ldev;
spin_lock(&dev->lock);
if (dev->users || !dev->data)
printk (KERN_WARNING "sbull: timer sanity check failed\n");
else
dev->media_change = 1;
spin_unlock(&dev->lock);
}
/*
* The ioctl() implementation
*/
int sbull_ioctl (struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
return 0;
}
static int sbull_getgeo(struct block_device *bdev, struct hd_geometry *geo)
{
unsigned long size;
struct sbull_dev *pdev = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
size = pdev->size;
geo->cylinders = (size & ~0x3f) >> 6;
geo->heads = 4;
geo->sectors = 16;
geo->start = 0;
return 0;
}
/*
* The device operations structure.
*/
static struct block_device_operations sbull_ops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = sbull_open,
.release = sbull_release,
.media_changed = sbull_media_changed,
.revalidate_disk = sbull_revalidate,
.ioctl = sbull_ioctl,
.getgeo = sbull_getgeo,
};
/*
* Set up our internal device.
*/
static void setup_device(struct sbull_dev *dev, int which)
{
/*
* Get some memory.
*/
memset (dev, 0, sizeof (struct sbull_dev));
dev->size = nsectors*hardsect_size;
dev->data = vmalloc(dev->size);
if (dev->data == NULL) {
printk (KERN_NOTICE "vmalloc failure.\n");
return;
}
spin_lock_init(&dev->lock);
/*
* The timer which "invalidates" the device.
*/
init_timer(&dev->timer);
dev->timer.data = (unsigned long) dev;
dev->timer.function = sbull_invalidate;
/*
* The I/O queue, depending on whether we are using our own
* make_request function or not.
*/
switch (request_mode) {
case RM_NOQUEUE:
dev->queue = blk_alloc_queue(GFP_KERNEL);
if (dev->queue == NULL)
goto out_vfree;
blk_queue_make_request(dev->queue, sbull_make_request);
break;
case RM_FULL:
dev->queue = blk_init_queue(sbull_full_request, &dev->lock);
if (dev->queue == NULL)
goto out_vfree;
break;
default:
printk(KERN_NOTICE "Bad request mode %d, using simple\n", request_mode);
/* fall into.. */
case RM_SIMPLE:
dev->queue = blk_init_queue(sbull_request, &dev->lock);
if (dev->queue == NULL)
goto out_vfree;
break;
}
// blk_queue_hardsect_size(dev->queue, hardsect_size);
blk_queue_logical_block_size(dev->queue, hardsect_size);
dev->queue->queuedata = dev;
/*
* And the gendisk structure.
*/
dev->gd = alloc_disk(SBULL_MINORS);
if (! dev->gd) {
printk (KERN_NOTICE "alloc_disk failure\n");
goto out_vfree;
}
dev->gd->major = sbull_major;
dev->gd->first_minor = which*SBULL_MINORS;
dev->gd->fops = &sbull_ops;
dev->gd->queue = dev->queue;
dev->gd->private_data = dev;
snprintf (dev->gd->disk_name, 32, "sbull%c", which + 'a');
set_capacity(dev->gd, nsectors*(hardsect_size/KERNEL_SECTOR_SIZE));
add_disk(dev->gd);
return;
out_vfree:
if (dev->data)
vfree(dev->data);
}
static int __init sbull_init(void)
{
int i;
/*
* Get registered.
*/
// printk("<0>" "add by lht\n");
sbull_major = register_blkdev(sbull_major, "sbull");
if (sbull_major <= 0) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "sbull: unable to get major number\n");
return -EBUSY;
}
/*
* Allocate the device array, and initialize each one.
*/
Devices = kmalloc(ndevices*sizeof (struct sbull_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
if (Devices == NULL)
goto out_unregister;
for (i = 0; i < ndevices; i++)
setup_device(Devices + i, i);
return 0;
out_unregister:
unregister_blkdev(sbull_major, "sbd");
return -ENOMEM;
}
static void sbull_exit(void)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < ndevices; i++) {
struct sbull_dev *dev = Devices + i;
del_timer_sync(&dev->timer);
if (dev->gd) {
del_gendisk(dev->gd);
put_disk(dev->gd);
}
if (dev->queue) {
if (request_mode == RM_NOQUEUE)
// blk_put_queue(dev->queue);
kobject_put(&(dev->queue)->kobj);
else
blk_cleanup_queue(dev->queue);
}
if (dev->data)
vfree(dev->data);
}
unregister_blkdev(sbull_major, "sbull");
kfree(Devices);
}
module_init(sbull_init);
module_exit(sbull_exit);