回调与接口

回调（callback）是一种设计模式，可以指定某个特定事件发生时应该采取的动作。如：每过一秒钟，就打印当前时间和哔一声。
定时器(时间，动作监听器)：面向对象，传入的是对象而不是函数。

package timer;

/**
   @version 1.02 2017-12-14
   @author Cay Horstmann
*/

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.time.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class TimerTest
{  
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {  
      var listener = new TimePrinter();

      // construct a timer that calls the listener once every second
      var timer = new Timer(1000, listener);
      timer.start();

      // keep program running until the user selects "OK"
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Quit program?");
      System.exit(0);
   }
}

class TimePrinter implements ActionListener
{  
   public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
   {  
      System.out.println("At the tone, the time is " + Instant.ofEpochMilli(event.getWhen()));
      Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();
   }
}

举一个更好理解的例子：

package mytest;

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class TimerTest
{
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        // construct a timer that calls the listener once every second
        // lambda表达式-代码块或函数，简化函数式接口-只有一个抽象方法的接口。
        // 即java实现函数时编程的方式
        var timer = new Timer(1000, event -> {
            System.out.println("At the tone, the time is " + Instant.ofEpochMilli(event.getWhen()));
            Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();
        });
        timer.start();

        // main thread keep running
        while (true) {
            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(300);
            System.out.println("I'm running!");
        }
    }
}

主程序已经跑到while循环了，但是每当触发事件（每过一秒），就还是会回去执行约定好的动作！

package innerClass;

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.time.*;

import javax.swing.*;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the use of inner classes.
 * @version 1.11 2017-12-14
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class InnerClassTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      var clock = new TalkingClock(1000, true);
      clock.start();

      // keep program running until the user selects "OK"
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Quit program?");
      System.exit(0);
   }
}

/**
 * A clock that prints the time in regular intervals.
 */
class TalkingClock
{
   private int interval;
   private boolean beep;

   /**
    * Constructs a talking clock
    * @param interval the interval between messages (in milliseconds)
    * @param beep true if the clock should beep
    */
   public TalkingClock(int interval, boolean beep)
   {
      this.interval = interval;
      this.beep = beep;
   }

   /**
    * Starts the clock.
    */
   public void start()
   {
      var listener = new TimePrinter();
      var timer = new Timer(interval, listener);
      timer.start();
   }

   public class TimePrinter implements ActionListener
   {
      public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
      {
         System.out.println("At the tone, the time is " 
            + Instant.ofEpochMilli(event.getWhen()));
         if (beep) Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();
      }
   }
}

内部类可以访问外部类的实例字段。内部类有一个外部类的引用，称之为outer。外部类new内部类时把this对象引用通过内部类的构造器传递给outer变量。
内部类可以是私有的，这样只能通过外部类构造内部类对象了。

package anonymousInnerClass;

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.time.*;

import javax.swing.*;

/**
 * This program demonstrates anonymous inner classes.
 * @version 1.12 2017-12-14
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class AnonymousInnerClassTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      var clock = new TalkingClock();
      clock.start(1000, true);

      // keep program running until the user selects "OK"
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Quit program?");
      System.exit(0);
   }
}

/**
 * A clock that prints the time in regular intervals.
 */
class TalkingClock
{
   /**
    * Starts the clock.
    * @param interval the interval between messages (in milliseconds)
    * @param beep true if the clock should beep
    */
   public void start(int interval, boolean beep)
   {
      var listener = new ActionListener()
         {
            public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
            {
               System.out.println("At the tone, the time is " 
                  + Instant.ofEpochMilli(event.getWhen()));
               if (beep) Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();
            }
         };
      var timer = new Timer(interval, listener);
      timer.start();
   }
}

匿名局部内部类。
1、对外完全隐藏。局部内部类甚至不能由外部类的其他方法访问。
2、可以访问局部变量，但要求其是事实最终变量。
3、几乎被lambda表达式取代。

package staticInnerClass;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the use of static inner classes.
 * @version 1.02 2015-05-12
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class StaticInnerClassTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      var values = new double[20];
      for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++)
         values[i] = 100 * Math.random();
      ArrayAlg.Pair p = ArrayAlg.minmax(values);
      System.out.println("min = " + p.getFirst());
      System.out.println("max = " + p.getSecond());
   }
}

class ArrayAlg
{
   /**
    * A pair of floating-point numbers
    */
   public static class Pair
   {
      private double first;
      private double second;

      /**
       * Constructs a pair from two floating-point numbers
       * @param f the first number
       * @param s the second number
       */
      public Pair(double f, double s)
      {
         first = f;
         second = s;
      }

      /**
       * Returns the first number of the pair
       * @return the first number
       */
      public double getFirst()
      {
         return first;
      }

      /**
       * Returns the second number of the pair
       * @return the second number
       */
      public double getSecond()
      {
         return second;
      }
   }

   /**
    * Computes both the minimum and the maximum of an array
    * @param values an array of floating-point numbers
    * @return a pair whose first element is the minimum and whose second element
    * is the maximum
    */
   public static Pair minmax(double[] values)
   {
      double min = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
      double max = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
      for (double v : values)
      {
         if (min > v) min = v;
         if (max < v) max = v;
      }
      return new Pair(min, max);
   }
}

静态内部类：
无外部类引用。
只要内部类不需要访问外部类对象，就应该使用静态内部类。只是为了把一个类隐藏在另外一个类的内部。