变速箱齿轮的设计准则 外文翻译

由于汽车变速箱各挡齿轮的工作情况是不相同的，所以按齿轮受力、转速、噪声要求等情况，应该将它们分为高挡工作区和低挡工作区两大类。齿轮的变位系数、压力角、螺旋角、模数和齿顶高系数等都应该按这两个工作区进行不同的选择。

高挡工作区：通常是指三、四、五挡齿轮，它们在这个区内的工作特点是行车利用率较高，因为它们是汽车的经济性挡位。在高挡工作区内的齿轮转速都比较高，因此容易产生较大的噪声，特别是增速传动，但是它们的受力却很小，强度应力值都比较低，所以强度裕量较大，即使削弱一些小齿轮的强度，齿轮匹配寿命也在适用的范围内。因此，在高挡工作区内齿轮的主要设计要求是降低噪声和保证其传动平稳，而强度只是第二位的因素。

低挡工作区：通常是指一、二、倒挡齿轮，它们在这个区内的工作特点是行车利用率低，工作时间短，而且它们的转速比较低，因此由于转速而产生的噪声比较小。但是它们所传递的力矩却比较大，轮齿的应力值比较高。所以低挡区齿轮的主要设计要求是提高强度，而降低噪声却是次要的。

在高挡工作区，通过选用较小的模数、较小的压力角、较大的螺旋角、较小的正角度变位系数和较大的齿顶高系数。通过控制滑动比的噪声指标和控制摩擦力的噪声指标以及合理选用总重合度系数、合理分配端面重合度和轴向重合度，以满足现代变速箱的设计要求，达到降低噪声、传动平稳的最佳效果。而在低挡工作区，通过选用较大的模数、较大的压力角、较小的螺旋角、较大的正角度变位系数和较小的齿顶高系数，来增大低挡齿轮的弯曲强度，以满足汽车变速箱低挡齿轮的低速大扭矩的强度要求。以下将具体阐述怎样合理选择这些设计参数。

变速箱各挡齿轮基本参数的选择：

1  合理选用模数：

模数是齿轮的一个重要基本参数，模数越大，齿厚也就越大，齿轮的弯曲强度也越大，它的承载能力也就越大。反之模数越小，齿厚就会变薄，齿轮的弯曲强度也就越小。对于低速挡的齿轮，由于转速低、扭矩大，齿轮的弯曲应力比较大，所以需选用较大的模数，以保证其强度要求。而高速挡齿轮，由于转速高、扭矩小，齿轮的弯曲应力比较小，所以在保证齿轮弯曲强度的前提下，一般选用较小的模数，这样就可以增加齿轮的齿数，以得到较大的重合度，从而达到降低噪声的目的。

在现代变速箱设计中，各挡齿轮模数的选择是不同的。例如，某变速箱一挡齿轮到五挡齿轮的模数分别是：3.5；3；2.75；2.5；2；从而改变了过去模数相同或模数拉不开的状况。

2合理选用压力角：

当一个齿轮的模数和齿数确定了，齿轮的分度圆直径也就确定了，而齿轮的渐开线齿形取决于基圆的大小，基圆大小又受到压力角的影响。对于同一分度圆的齿轮而言，若其分度圆压力角不同，基圆也就不同。当压力角越大时，基圆直径就越小，渐开线就越弯曲，轮齿的齿根就会变厚，齿面曲率半径增大，从而可以提高轮齿的弯曲强度和接触强度。当减小压力角时，基圆直径就会变大，齿形渐开线就会变的平直一些，齿根变薄，齿面的曲率半径变小，从而使得轮齿的弯曲强度和接触强度均会下降，但是随着压力角的减小，可增加齿轮的重合度，减小轮齿的刚度，并且可以减小进入和退出啮合时的动载荷，所有这些都有利于降低噪声。因此，对于低速挡齿轮，常采用较大的压力角，以满足其强度要求；而高速挡齿轮常采用较小的压力角，以满足其降低噪声的要求。

例如：某一齿轮模数为3，齿数为30，当压力角为17.5度时基圆齿厚为5.341；当压力角为25度时，基圆齿厚为6.716；其基圆齿厚增加了25%左右，所以增大压力角可以增加其弯曲强度。

3 合理选用螺旋角：

与直齿轮相比，斜齿轮具有传动平稳，重合度大，冲击小和噪声小等优点。现在的变速箱由于带同步器，换挡时不再直接移动一个齿轮与另一个齿轮啮合，而是所有的齿轮都相啮合，这样就给使用斜齿轮带来方便，因此带同步器的变速箱大多都使用斜齿轮。

由于斜齿轮的特点，决定了整个齿宽不是同时全部进入啮合的，而是先由轮齿的一端进入啮合，随着轮齿的传动，沿齿宽方向逐渐进入啮合，直到全部齿宽都进入啮合，所以斜齿轮的实际啮合区域比直齿轮的大。当齿宽一定时，斜齿轮的重合度随螺旋角增加而增加。承载能力也就越强，平稳性也就越好。从理论上讲，螺旋角越大越好，但螺旋角增大，会使轴向分力也增大，从而使得传递效率降低了。

在现代变速箱的设计中，为了保证齿轮传动的平稳性、低噪声和少冲击，所有齿轮都要选择较大的螺旋角，一般都在30°左右。对于高速挡齿轮由于转速较高，要求平稳，少冲击，低噪声，因此采用小模数，大螺旋角；而低速挡齿轮则用较大模数，较小螺旋角。

4合理选用正角度变位：

对于具有良好润滑条件的硬齿面齿轮传动，一般认为其主要危险是在循环交变应力作用下，齿根的疲劳裂纹逐渐扩张造成齿根断裂而失效。变速箱中齿轮失效正是属于这一种。为了避免轮齿折断，应尽量提高齿根弯曲强度，而运用正变位，则可达到这个目的。一般情况下，变位系数越大，齿形系数值就越小，轮齿上弯曲应力越小，轮齿弯曲强度就越高。

在硬齿面的齿轮传动中，齿面点蚀剥落也是失效原因之一。增大啮合角，可降低齿面间的接触应力和最大滑动率，能大大提高抗点蚀能力。而增大啮合角，则必须对一副齿轮都实行正变位，这样既可提高齿面的接触强度，又可提高齿根的弯曲强度，从而达到提高齿轮的承载能力效果。但是，对于斜齿轮传动，变位系数过大，又会使轮齿总的接触线长度缩短，反而降低其承载能力。同时，变位系数越大，由于齿顶圆要随之增大，其齿顶厚度将会变小，这会影响齿顶的强度。

 因此在现代变速箱的设计中，大多数齿轮均合理采用正角度变位，以最大限度发挥其优点。主要有以下几个设计准则：

对于低速挡齿轮副来说，主动齿轮的变位系数应大于被动齿轮的变位系数，而对高速挡齿轮副，其主动齿轮的变位系数应小于被动齿轮的变位系数。

主动齿轮的变位系数随挡位的升高而逐渐xiajiang。这是因为低挡区由于转速低、扭矩大，齿轮强度要求高，因此需采用较da的变位系数。

各挡齿轮的总变位系数都是正的（属于角变位修正），而且随着挡位的升高而逐渐减小。总变位系数越小，一对齿轮副的齿根总的厚度就越薄，齿根就越弱，其抗弯强度就越 低，但是由于轮齿的刚度减小，易于吸收冲击振动，故可降低噪声。而且齿形重合度会增加，这使得单齿承受最大载荷时的着力点距齿根近，使得弯曲力矩减小，相当于提高了齿根强度，这对由于齿根减薄而消弱强度的因素有所抵消。所以总变位系数越大，则齿根强度越高，但噪声则有可能增大。因此高速挡齿轮要选择较小的总变位系数，而低速挡齿轮则必须选用较大的总变位系数。

5 提高齿顶高系数：

齿顶高系数在传动质量指标中，影响着重合度，在斜齿轮中主要影响端面重合度。由端面重合度的公式可知，当齿数和啮合角一定时，齿顶圆压力角是受齿顶高系数影响的，齿顶高系数越大，齿顶圆压力角也越大，重合度也就越大，传动也就越平稳。但是，齿顶高系数越大，齿顶厚度就会越薄，从而影响齿顶强度。同时，从最少不根切齿数公式来看，齿顶高系数越大，最少不根切齿数就会增加，否则的话，就会产生根切。因此，在保证不根切和齿顶强度足够的情况下，增大齿顶高系数，对于增加重合度是有意义的。

因此在现代变速箱的设计中，各挡齿轮的齿顶高系数都选择较大的值，一般都大于1.0，称为细高齿，这对降低噪声，增加传动平稳性都有明显的效果。对于低速挡齿轮，为了保证其具有足够的齿根弯曲强度，一般选用较小的齿顶高系数；而高速挡齿轮，为了保证其传动的平稳性和低噪声，一般选用较大的齿顶高系数。

以上是从模数、压力角、螺旋角、变位系数和齿顶高系数这五个方面去独立分析齿轮设计趋势。实际上各个参数之间是互相影响、互相牵连的，在选择变速箱的参数时，既要考虑它们的优缺点，又要考虑它们之间的相互关系，从而以最大限度发挥其长处，避免短处，改善变速箱的使用性能。

Gearbox design criteria:

As the automobile gearbox stall the work gear is not the same, so according to gear force, speed, noise requirements, etc., they should be divided into high and low-end work area work area two broad categories. Gear modification coefficient, pressure angle, helix angle, modulus and Addendum coefficient and so on should be based on the work areas of these two different options.

High-grade work area: usually refers to the three, four, five-speed gears, they work in this area is characterized by a higher utilization rate of traffic, because they are economical car stalls. In the high-end gear working area than the higher speed, so easy to have a greater noise, especially the growth rate of transmission, but their force was small, the intensity of stress values are relatively low, so strength margin, so even after weaken the strength of some small gear, gear matching is also applicable within the framework of life. Therefore, in high gear the work of the major design requirements for the region is to reduce noise and ensure a smooth transmission, while the intensity is only the second factor.

Low-grade work area: usually refers to the first, second and reverse gears, they work in this area is characterized by low utilization rate of traffic, working time is short, and their speed is relatively low, so the noise generated due to rotational speed is relatively small. But the moment they are transmitted is larger, tooth stress values are relatively high. Therefore, the main gear low area design requirements is to improve the strength, while the noise reduction is secondary.

In the high-end work area, through the use of smaller modulus, the smaller the pressure angle, the larger the helix angle, the smaller is the angle variable coefficient and a larger Addendum coefficient. Noise ratio by controlling the sliding friction of indicators and control of noise indicators, and a reasonable selection of the total coincidence coefficient, reasonable distribution of end-of coincidence degree and axial coincidence degree, in order to meet the design requirements of modern transmissions, to reduce the noise, transmission of the most stable good results. In the low-grade work area, through the selection of the larger modulus, the larger pressure angle, the smaller helix angle, the larger is the angle variable coefficient and a smaller Addendum coefficient,

To increase the low-end gear bending strength to meet the low-speed auto gearbox gear high-torque low strength requirements. The following will specifically set out what a reasonable selection of these design parameters.

Transmission gear basic parameters of the file options:

A reasonable choice Modulus:

Modulus is an important basic parameters of gears, the greater the modulus, the greater the tooth thickness, the greater the gear bending strength, the greater its carrying capacity. On the contrary modulus smaller tooth thickness will be thinner, thus the smaller the gear bending strength. For the low-profile gear, due to the low rotational speed, torque, gear bending stress relatively large, so we need to use a larger module in order to ensure its strength demands. The high gear gear, due to high speed, torque is small, gear bending stress is relatively small, so ensure that the premise of gear bending strength, generally use a smaller modulus, so that you can increase the number of teeth in order to obtain a larger coincidence degree

So as to achieve noise reduction purposes.

In modern transmission design, each gear module file option is different. For example, a transmission gear to file a five-speed gear module are: 3.5; 3; 2.75; 2.5; 2; thus changing the modulus of the same or a module over the past few pull not open situation.

2 rational selection pressure angle:

When a gear tooth modulus and determined, gear pitch circle diameter also identified, while the gear involute base circle depends on the size of the base circle size of the impact angle under pressure again. For the same pitch circle of gear, if it is the pressure angle of its sub-degree circle is different from the base circle is different. When the pressure angle, the larger, the base circle diameter of the smaller, more curved involute, tooth tooth root will be thicker and larger radius of curvature of tooth surface, which can increase the tooth bending strength and contact strength. When reducing the pressure angle, the base circle diameter will be larger, the involute tooth profile will change some of the flat, tooth root thinning, tooth surface radius of curvature smaller,

Which makes the tooth bending strength and contact strength will decrease, but as the pressure angle decreases, increase the degree of coincidence gears, reducing the tooth stiffness, and can reduce the time of entry and exit mesh dynamic load, All of these are beneficial to reduce the noise. Therefore, for low-profile gear, often with a larger pressure angle, in order to meet the strength requirements; while the high gear gear often used a smaller pressure angle, in order to meet their noise reduction requirements.

For example: a gear module 3, teeth 30, when the pressure angle of 17.5 degrees tooth thickness of 5.341 base circle; when the pressure angle of 25 degrees, the base circular tooth thickness of 6.716; its base circle tooth thickness increased about 25%, so increase the pressure angle can increase its bending strength.

A reasonable choice of three helix angle:

Compared with the spur gear, helical gear with a transmission smooth, coincidence degree, the impact of small and low noise advantages. As with the current transmission synchronizer, the shifter is no longer directly moving a gear meshing with another gear, but all of the gears are meshing phase, disturbing the convenient use of helical gears, so the transmission with a synchronizer Most of all use helical gears.

Because the characteristics of helical gears and decided the entire tooth width is not the same time, all entered the mesh, but first be entered at one end of tooth meshing with the tooth of the drive, along the tooth width direction is gradually enter the mesh, until the entire tooth width have to enter into mesh, so the actual meshing helical gear spur gear than a large area. When the tooth width is constant, helical gear with helix angle degree of coincidence increases. Carrying capacity of the stronger, the better smoothness. In theory, the helix angle the bigger the better, but the helix angle increases, the axial pitch will also increase, making the transfer efficiency decreased.

In modern transmission design, in order to ensure smooth gear drive, low noise and low impact, all the gears should choose a larger helix angle, generally in about 30 °. For high-speed stall speed due to a higher gear, for a stable, low impact, low-noise, so a small modulus, large helical angle; while low-profile gear you use a larger modulus, the smaller spiral angle.

4 is a reasonable choice of the angle deformation:

For the good of the hardened gear lubrication condition is generally believed that the main danger is in the loop under the action of alternating stress, the tooth root fatigue cracks caused by the gradual expansion of the tooth root fracture and failure. Transmission in gear failure is a part of this. In order to avoid tooth fracture, it should enhance tooth root bending strength, while the use of positive deflection, you can achieve this goal. Under normal circumstances, variable coefficient the greater the coefficient the smaller the tooth, tooth bending stress on the smaller, the higher the tooth bending strength.

In the hardened gear transmission, the tooth surface pitting peel off one of the reasons is also a failure. Increased engagement angle, which reduces the contact between the tooth surface stress and maximum slip rates, can greatly enhance the pitting corrosion resistance capabilities. The increased pressure angle, it must be practiced on a gear is changed bits, thereby enhancing the tooth surface contact strength, but also improve the bending strength of tooth roots to achieve the effect of improving the carrying capacity of gears. However, for helical gear drive, variable coefficient is too large, but also the total tooth will shorten the length of contact line, but reduce its carrying capacity. Meanwhile, the variable coefficient greater, due to tooth tip should be even greater, the tooth tip thickness will be smaller,

This will affect the strength of the top gear.

Therefore, in modern transmission design, most of the gears are a reasonable angle of deflection is used in order to maximize its advantages. Mainly in the following design guidelines:

For the low-profile gear pair, the active gear variable coefficient should be larger than the passive gear modification coefficient, while for high-speed file gear pair, which take the initiative to gear modification coefficients should be less than the passive gear modification coefficient.

Active gear modification coefficient increases gradually with stalls xiajiang. This is because the low-grade area due to the low rotational speed, torque, gear strength with high requirements, therefore need to adopt a more da variable coefficient.

Gear of the total variation of all files coefficient is positive (of the angle deflection amended), and along with the increase of stalls gradually decreased. The smaller the total variation coefficient, a pair of gear pairs of the total thickness of the tooth root more thin, tooth root more weak, its lower bending strength, but because of reduced tooth stiffness, easy to absorb shock and vibration, so can reduce the noise. And the degree of tooth overlap will increase, which makes a single tooth to withstand the maximum load when the focus on pitch near the tooth root, making bending moment decrease is equivalent to increasing strength of the tooth root, which is due to thinning and weakening of tooth root strength factor has been offset. Therefore, the greater the total variation coefficient, then the tooth root strength of the higher

But the noise is likely to increase. So high gear gear to choose a smaller total variation coefficient, while the low-profile gear, you must use a larger total variation coefficient.

Addendum 5 to the factor:

Addendum coefficient of transmission quality index, the impact of focus on adaptation, the main impact in the helical gear face of coincidence degree. End coincidence degree from the formula we can see, when the number of teeth and meshing a certain angle, the tooth tip pressure angle is subject to the impact of Addendum coefficient, Addendum coefficient the greater the addendum circle the greater the pressure angle, coincidence degree also The larger drive is also more stable. However, Addendum coefficient the greater the thickness of the top teeth will be thinner, thereby affecting the intensity of the top teeth. At the same time, from at least a few formula Cutting is not the root point of view, the greater the Addendum coefficient, at least not the root Cutting the number will increase, otherwise, it will generate the root cutting. Therefore,

In the guarantee not to cut the root and the tooth top of the case of sufficient strength, increasing the Addendum coefficient, for increasing the degree of coincidence is meaningful.

Therefore, the design of a modern gearbox, each gear tooth profile the top choice of high coefficients are greater value, generally greater than 1.0, known as fine a high-tooth, which is to reduce noise, increase the transmission has a significant effect of Stationarity . For the low-profile gear, in order to ensure that it has enough tooth root bending strength, generally choose the smaller Addendum coefficient; while the high gear gear, in order to ensure its smooth transmission and low noise, generally choose the larger Addendum factor.

The above is from the module, pressure angle, helix angle, addendum modification coefficient and the coefficient of these five areas to an independent analysis of gear design trends. In fact between the various parameters influence each other mutually implicated, the choice of transmission parameters, it is necessary to take into account their strengths and weaknesses, but also take into account the relationship between them in order to maximize its strengths and weaknesses and to improve the use of transmission performance.