Refer to the application of the air condition with the warm energy efficiency design
[Abstract] high-rise buildings as low utilization rate of natural light, poor indoor ventilation, poor insulation capacity of external structure of renewable energy utilization of common article above problems exist in energy-saving design .The consumption in Chinese rural housing is 3 ~ 5 times as much as that in the developed countries. So it’s necessary and urgent to take effective measures to save energy in rural housing. "Frequency" adopted more advanced technology, it is changed by the frequency converter power frequency, and transform the running speed of the compressor of a technology. And on the development direction of frequency conversion air conditioning, dc inverter and trumpets is the inevitable trend.
Keywords:High-Rise Building countryside Energy Conservation Applied Research，frequency conversion air conditioning
The introduction
Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard .Maintaining this standard of thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) design engineers.
For creating comfortable indoor air condition environment, have to consume a great deal of energy. Warm the air condition can consume is the building can consume medium of big door, reside to statistics a warm an air condition in the flourishing nation and can consume to have 65% that building can consume, canning consume to share by building always can consume of 356% calculation, warm the air condition can consume to share and always can consume of the comparison is up to 22.75% unexpectedly, be showed from this the building economy energy work of point should be warm the economy energy of the air condition. The air condition can consume to constitute and can see from the warm: Warm the air condition system can consume main the decision is cold in the air condition, hot the burden really certainly installs with the reasonable of the air condition system, the decoration of the air condition system and the choice of the air-condition take the air condition burden as basis of. So warm air condition economy energy of the key is the air condition the external world to carry to carry and inner part really settle, and warm air condition economy energy the work should also begin from this aspect, reasonable decoration building of position, the exactitude chooses the shape and material etc. of the outside wall, door, window, roof, reducing air condition burden as far as possible.
The influence of the indoor environment
Warm the target of the air condition is for people to provide comfortable life and produce indoor hot environment, mainly including: Indoor air temperature、Air degree of humidity、The current of air speed and human body and the radiation of the surroundings environment(include four walls, grounds, crests ) its change heat(Call environment hot radiation)etc.。Take can make the human body hold the balance but satisfy people's comfortable felling as a purpose in the general comfortable sex air condition; In the constant temperature wetly or have the craft air condition of[with] clean request, everything takes satisfying to produce a craft as a target. But the building of the house the hot work design is the heat that the fitting land utilization uses the house maintenance structure to lead sex, resisting the variety of the outdoors weather, making comfortable tiny weather of creation inside the room.
Round to protect a warm of structure the influence of [with] air condition burden
Round to protect structure to include the outer circle structure with inside round to protect structure. The outer circle protects structure to mainly include the house noodles, outside wall and windows ;( include the veranda door etc.)Inside round to protect structure to mainly include in ground, crest, inside separate wall etc. In adopt the warm building, the comparison that rounds to protect structure to transmit heat hot loss to share total heat to lose is bigger, with 4 units 6 the brick wall, the concrete building knothole typical model of the layers many layer buildings for example, the region in Peking, pass to round to protect structure to transmit heat hot lose about 77% of have the all hot loss;(among them outside the wall is 25%, the window is 24%, the stairs partition wall is 11%, the house noodles is 9%, the veranda door the lower part is 1%, the outside door is 1%, ground 4%)The air that passes the doors and windows blind side permeate hot lose to have 29% about. Be showed from this an improvement to round hot work function of protect the structure air condition economy energy to have important meaning for the warm.
Influence constructed the programming design air condition economy energy to the warm
Program a design construct the important aspect of [with] the economy energy design, programing economy energy a design should choose an address from the construction, centered, the building and road set up an alignment, building directions toward, building type of figure, building be apart from, winter monsoon predominance direction, the sun radiation, building the exterior space environment constitute etc. carry on a research. With excellent turn the tiny weather environment of the building; Be advantageous to economy energy, full value and make use of the solar energy, winter predominance direction of wind, geography and geography, make use of natural factor. The design of economize on energy the programming is the beneficial and disadvantageous influence of decision factor, the radiation factor, the atmospheric-circulation factor and the geography factor that analyzes to make good, passing a building of the programming layout carries on to the above- mentioned factor full make use of, reformation, become to live a condition and be advantageous to the tiny weather environment of [with] economy energy goodly. The flank of the building of green turn to have already defended breeze and separate a voice, dust palliative and beautify environment not only of function and for building the economy energy also has an important function.
Because the tree can absorb humidity from the root first, leading leaf's noodles to evaporate together, lowering the air temperature thus, secondly the tree is good hide the sun function, make thus the building be subjected to directly of the sun radiation and get from the ground of the radiation heat reduce, two is the function that the tree has leading breeze and blocks breeze. In addition, the ground will reflect the sun radiation not only, and its radiation become again after goes up new of hot radiation source. So grow grass and plant trees as far as possible, avoid the ground soil bare, and reduce the otiose and big area concrete ground ping for reduce the air condition burden, the purpose that attains economy energy is a count for much means. And outdoors environment sweep for clean air condition system of valid circulate and the air condition box the life span of the filter is also beneficial.
The problem of poor building envelope insulation often occur in the high-rise building design, the external structure of the building, including the roof, exterior walls, windows, as well as ground and other parts for high-rise buildings, due to its vertical surface area is much larger than the lateral roof area, building roofs, exterior walls and buildings outside the window insulation ability to become the decisive factor to measure the building envelope insulation ability. the main factors to affect the energy efficiency of building exterior wall materials, as well as the impact energy-saving effect of the wall material external wall finishes, East, West exterior wall shade, wall structure form.
一、the problem of high-rise building
Found in the study, high-rise building facades should set the insulation layer, double glazing. Xi'an High-tech Zone Chhnang International Building, exterior walls of aerated concrete block, did not set the insulation layer, making the office building heating and air conditioning energy consumption the proportion of total energy consumption up to 60.27%., when the building's exterior glass curtain wall with the plug-aluminum composite panel structure practice, but its heating and air conditioning energy consumption is generally higher set polystyrene board insulation, such as Mong Block New Town, Block B and Block D, heating and air conditioning energy consumption by up to 54.62% to 56.08%. choice of window types, analysis shows that have adopted the single-layer single-glass windows, heating, air conditioning energy consumption, energy consumption up to 56.8% to 60.27%. addition, also found that almost no high-rise buildings to take the the shading means to reduce the energy consumption of heating and air conditioning, especially in the west to the shade of the problem deserves the attention of professionals.
design countermeasures
1、 the ventilation design
Introduction of natural ventilation, on the one hand, organized in the form of building space, as far as possible the formation of drafts, easier to achieve this point in the bar rise buildings as far as possible to organize high-level point, between two vertical walls windows ventilation natural ventilation organizations need a bigger window to wall area ratio and the formation of the path of the wind can also be combined with double glazing to achieve cooling. abroad, the building has become a trend in the use of ventilation, a lot of buildings in the design The stages are considered structural system of ventilation, such as the Eastgate building in Zimbabwe, the outskirts of Northampton, central England Barclaycard headquarters building, adopted this form of ventilation structure .
2、the external structure design
(1 external structure material for the current status quo of the high-rise building envelope material-based entity retaining structure and transparent building envelope, and not a load-bearing structure, more flexible material selected based on high-rise buildings external structure For physical envelope, should try to use the thermal conductivity of porous / hollow blocks or aerated concrete block, with the exterior insulation and reasonable area ratio of window to wall control by external structure insulation insulation with to the energy loss in cold regions with hot summer and cold winter zone border city, should minimize the use of glass curtain wall. When the physical building envelope insulation requirements, transparent envelope structure should follow the following measures: to minimize the use of glass curtain wall, control reasonable area ratio of window to wall control area can be opened to the organization ventilation, use energy-saving glass and window frames materials, attention to controlling the sealing performance. (2 wall finishes outside the building's exterior finishes first line of defense against external climate impact is the building envelope, the thermal performance of the material will directly affect the thermal performance of the building envelope. Finishes outside the building wall building energy efficiency design the face of the sun radiant heat absorption coefficient manifested mainly by the appearance of the building envelope: the room cooling state, the energy consumption of the room, the second is the direct impact of the wall heat transfer coefficient, Third, is the highest temperature of the inner surface of the wall of the room in the state of natural ventilation. << residential building energy efficiency design standards >> provides: The building's exterior is a "light-colored outer facings (solar radiation absorption coefficient of <0.6" energy-saving measures can attach "the equivalent of an additional thermal resistance of the insulation measures 0.2" in the calculation of the total thermal resistance of the exterior wall, when the exterior wall heat transfer coefficient due to its composition and building energy efficiency design standards can not be achieved << >> requirements, "Shallow the color finishes outside the energy-saving measures each material, including 200mm thick reinforced concrete heat transfer coefficient can meet "Energy conservation design standard" provisions of the heat transfer performance can be external finishes of the building tiles, paint, stone and metal curtain wall materials and so on, the most typical external finishes, tile and paint. energy-saving design with light-colored finishes outside or light-colored outer finish is clearly beneficial.
3 、wall exterior shading
Except envelope the choice of structural materials, but also increase construction shade, in order to reduce the energy consumption of heating and air conditioning. The building shading horizontal shade, vertical shade, shade, can be combined with the facade design intent design, in particular, should pay attention to the West, to the shade of the building energy consumption savings. << residential building energy design standards >> provisions: the construction of the "East, West facades plaid member, or lianas shade (transmittance <0.5" energy-saving measures, the calculation of the total thermal resistance of the exterior wall to attach the equivalent additional thermal resistance of the insulation measures 0.3 , the east and west exterior wall shade" should be considered in the energy-saving design, very serious Xia Tiandong, western exposure areas East and West wall shade measures need to be strengthened in this regard can learn from the tropical regions of the city, such as Malaysia and Hong Kong's experience in the design, the shade measures the use of high-rise buildings in bringing better shade in these cities, but also rich building facade, an increase of the urban landscape.
二、the use of renewable energy
Energy use in the system, we should try to develop the use of renewable energy, such as solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, hydropower, biomass and other use of wind power, solar photovoltaic power generation, waste power generation, solar thermal, geothermal and biogas power generation, to reduce the dependence of the non-renewable energy and electricity, steam, hot water, and secondary energy, such as coal and natural gas. example, split air building proposed additional ground source heat pump, which can greatly reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning systems screw chillers building the proposed increase in the thermal storage unit, the waste heat of the cooling tower should be recycling, heat pump as a new type of energy-saving technologies, should also be considered in the office building using about the use of solar energy, the use of solar heating in the winter summer solar cooling system, solar photovoltaic system and hot water system can be used throughout the year.
The energy conservation may say is the building character automatic control system starting point and the home to return to. It is well known, in the intelligent construction, HVAC (heating, ventilates and air conditioning) the system consumes to have to occupy the building consumption total energy enormous partial proportions, approximately about 50% ~60%. Specially cold: East the unit, the cooling tower, the circulating water pump and the air conditioning unit, the new atmosphere unit, all are consumes energy the big household. Therefore really has essential develops one effective air-conditioning system energy conservation method, especially uses is in improves in the existing building air-conditioning system automation the aspect. DDC (Directdigitalcontr01) the direct of numerical control, is a structure simple operation easy control device, it may borrow by the connection switches over the equipment to make the systems control along with the load change, like the air conditioning cold water circulatory system, the air conditioning box frequency conversion automatic amount of wind adjustment and the cooling tower radiation ventilator frequency conversion holds controls and so on, may let an air-conditioning system more effective revolution, like this, not only brings the very big economic efficiency for the estate management, moreover also may cause the system to move under a better operating mode, thus lengthens the equipment the service life as well as achieved provides goal of the comfortable air conditioning environment and the energy conservation.
The general building commonly used air-conditioning system has CAV, VAV, VWV and so on, respectively has differently holds controls the way, all may use DDC to control.
1、 decides the amount of wind system (ConstantAirVolume, is called CAV).
Decides certainly the amount of wind system the amount of wind which blows out for the air conditioner certainly, provides coldly (is warm) the gas which the air conditioning region needs. When air conditioning region load variation, then changes the blast temperature to deal with in the room to shoulder, and achieves the maintenance indoor temperature to the comfortable area request. The commonly used central air-conditioning system is AHU (air conditioner) and the cooling water pipe system (the FCU system). These two generally decides the amount of wind (CAV) to supply the air conditioning area, in order to deal with in the room the partial loads change, decides the amount of wind system in AHU to change warm by the air conditioner blows of processes, controls in the general FCU system by cold water valve ON/OFF adjusts the blast temperature.
2 、changes the amount of wind system (VAV)
Changes the amount of wind system (VarlableAirVolume, is called VAV) is the air conditioner (AHU or FCU) may move changes the amount of wind. The commonly used centralair-conditioning system is AHU (air conditioner) and the cooling water pipe system FCU system. These two generally decides the amount of wind (CAV) to supply the air conditioning area, in order to deal with in the room the partial loads change, decides the amount of wind system in AHU to change warm by the air conditioner blows of processes, controls in the general FCU system by cold water valve ON/OFF adjusts the blast temperature. However these two has wasted the massive energys on the blast system. Because in long-term low load time the air feeder also carries out the entire amount of wind revolution to consume the electricity, this not only is not easy to maintain in the stable room humidity the condition, also wastes the massive blasts revolution energy. Changes the amount of wind system is aims at the blast system to consume the electricity shortcoming the energy conservation countermeasure. Changes the amount of wind system to be possible to divide into two kinds: One kind is in the AHU wind tube system air conditioning adaptable amount of wind system (AHU □the VAV system); One kind is in the FCU system room wind adaptable amount of wind system (the FCU-VAV system). The AHU-VAV system will be blows of in the entire wind tube system the temperature to be fixed, but adjusts the air feeder to deliver the amount of wind the way to deal with in the room the air conditioning load change. The FCU-VAV system is fixed cold water supplyment , but FCU installs in the room does not have the section to change the power controller to change delivers the amount of wind, that is changes FCU the heat change rate to adjust in the room the load variation. These two ways penetration amount of wind adjustment reduces the air feeder the power consumption, simultaneously also may increase the heat source machine the operating efficiency to save the heat source to consume the electricity, therefore may simultaneously obtains the energy conservation effect in the blast and the heat source two aspects.
3 、changes the current capacity system (VWV)
So-called changes the current capacity system (VariableWaterVolume, is called VWV), is enhances the heat source machine by the certain water temperature supply air conditioner the efficiency, but changes by the special water pump delivers the water volume, while convenient achieves saves the effect which the water pump uses electricity. Changes the water volume system to depend on the water pump to the water pump system energy conservation efficiency the control mode and the VWV use proportion but different, whether there is the general VWV control mode section speed change (SP) and the bidirectional valve control mode. Above three kind of air-conditioning system is the present building air conditioning most often the system which designs. The central air conditioning control also is the pipeline, the fitting, the valve body or the valve centralism hypothesis control fluid provides the air conditioning. Therefore effectively combines the central air conditioning control namely to be able the active control to consume energy, the design conforms with the energy conservation the air-conditioning system.
In recent years, the our country majority of areas, in particular southeast the coastal area summer the air conditioning energy consumption suddenly was rising, the air conditioning uses electricity the tendency which increases sharply to cause the electrical network power supply to be intense. Statistics have indicated, our country every year the burning hot season air conditioning consumed the electricity to occupy 1/3 in recent years which the entire society uses electricity, the massive electrical energies swallow by the industry and the civil construction air conditioning, in particular large-scale construction central air-conditioning system, like each kind of commercial construction (office, market, hospital, hotel and so on) central air conditioning because its space big, person current capacity many, operation time long, management complex characteristic, causes the movement energy consumption to be quite high, the commercial construction air conditioning energy consumption nearly occupies its total energy consumption 50%. The central air conditioning design capacity is according to the biggest load computation, but in a major part building year only has several dozens days time central air conditioning to be at the biggest load condition. The central air conditioning cold load throughout is in during the dynamic change, like every day sooner or later, each season in turn, every year samsara, the environment and the humanities condition, real-time will be affecting the central air conditioning cold load. General, the cold load undulates in 5 ~ 60% scope, the majority building every year at least 70% is in this kind of situation. But the majority central air conditioning actually opening machine capacity far is smaller than the installed capacity, if take the most greatly cold load as the maximum work rate actuation, creates between the actual need cold load and the maximum work rate output contradiction, actually creates the huge energy waste, the national economy and the society develops for brings the very tremendous influence. This has brought the stern topic for the central air conditioning energy conservation control, also gives the general energy conservation control domain the worker brought enormously has displayed the talent the space.
The power load gap increases, the electric power supply tense aspect with difficulty obtains in recent years relaxes. Therefore, energy conservation in particular electricity saving, not only has the significant social significance moreover to have the urgent practical significance. Positively studies the development promotion green environmental protection new air conditioning technology and the equipment, the suppression air conditioning energy consumption increases, has become the building warmly to pass air conditioning domain urgent and the popular research topic. The dependence technology innovation, the system innovation, the energy conservation falls consumes, enhances the energy use efficiency, guaranteed are least in the "energy consumption, in the environmental pollution smallest" foundation, realizes the "energy conservation first, structure many Yuan, environment friendly" energy developmental strategy.
The second half of the 1990 s, household electrical appliances based on frequency conversion technology, mainly aim at high functionality and save electricity. For example, ask good control performance and small size light weight, large capacity, high comfort, long life, safe and reliable, mute, save electricity, etc. In air conditioner, the frequency conversion technology is an emerging technology, it is changed by the frequency converter power frequency, and transform the running speed of the compressor of a technology. Frequency conversion air conditioning, can choose according to environment temperature automatic heating, cooling and dehumidification operation mode, make the bedroom quickly in a short time to reach the required temperature and in the condition of low speed, low energy consumption with less temperature fluctuation, has realized the rapid, energy-saving and comfortable temperature control effect, due to the implementation of the compressor stepless variable speed, it can also adapt to more widespread refrigeration and heating demand. Nowadays, frequency conversion air conditioning has become the development direction of high efficiency and energy saving air conditioning market and trends.
The development of the frequency conversion air conditioning technology
Frequency conversion technology is the need of ac motor stepless speed regulation should be born. The second half of the 1960 s, the power electronic devices from SCR (thyristor), decision (gate turn off thyristor), BJT) (bipolar power transistor, MOSFET (metal oxide field-effect tube), SIT (static induction transistor), by (static induction thyristor), MGT (MOS transistor control) and MCT (MOS control product thyratron) development to today's IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor), HVIGBT high-pressure (insulated gate bipolar thyristor), the renewal of the device to promote the continuous development of power conversion technology. In the 1970 s, variable voltage variable frequency pulse width modulation (PWM VVVF) control research has attracted highly attention. In the 1980 s, as the core of frequency conversion technology of PWM mode optimization problem attracted the interest of people, and draw a lot of optimization model, the effect of saddle wave PWM mode to best. The second half of the 1980 s, the United States, Japan, Germany, England and other developed countries of VVVF inverter has been on the market and widely used.
VVVF inverter control is relatively simple, better mechanical properties and hardness, can satisfy the general transmission smooth speed regulation requirements, has been widely used in various areas of industry. But, this kind of control mode in low frequency, due to the output voltage is small, the influence of stator resistance voltage drop is more significant, hence the output maximum torque decreases. In addition, its mechanical properties, after all, not hard, dc motor and the static and dynamic torque capacity speed control performance is not satisfactory, and so people developed vector control variable frequency speed regulation.
Vector control variable frequency speed regulation is: will the stator alternating current asynchronous motor in the three-phase system Ia, Ib, Ic, by three phase - two phase transformation, equivalent to two phase static coordinates system, ac current Ia1Ib1 again by pressing the rotor field-oriented rotation transformation, equivalent to dc current Im1, It1 under synchronous rotating coordinate system (Im1 is equivalent to the excitation current of dc motor; It1 and torque is proportional to the armature current), and then imitate the dc motor control method, control of dc motor is obtained, through the corresponding coordinate transformation, the control system for the asynchronous motor.
VVVF variable frequency, vector control frequency conversion is pay - direct - one of the alternating frequency conversion. Their common drawback is the low input power factor, harmonic current, direct current circuits need large energy storage capacitor, renewable energy and can't back to the grid, which will not run in four quadrant. Therefore, matrix, alternating frequency conversion arises at the historic moment. Due to matrix, with out the intermediate dc link, thus eliminating the bulky and expensive electrolytic capacitor. It can realize the power factor is l, input current is sinusoidal and four quadrant operation, the power density of system.
After using frequency conversion air conditioner, on expanding our scope of work of the compressor, without compressor running under the on-off state which can be controlled cold, warm, to reduce power consumption, discomfort due to temperature changes. In recent years, the new air conditioner of brushless dc motor has been adopted to realize frequency control of motor speed, the energy saving effect is ac asynchronous motor frequency conversion and increases by about 10% - 10%. In order to further improve the efficiency of equipment, in recent years, Japan's air conditioner and gradually changed from simple PWM control to ten PAM PWM hybrid control mode. Namely USES the PWM control is low, keep U/f for certain; When the speed is more than a certain value, the system is fixed near the maximum, by changing the conduction duty cycle of dc chopper LL, improve the inverter input dc voltage value, so as to keep the inverter output voltage and speed is proportional to the, the region known as the PAM area. After using hybrid control mode, the input power factor of inverter device, motor efficiency, the comprehensive efficiency than single PWA4 control are improved greatly.
The development prospect of the frequency conversion air conditioning
While in China, due to various causes, frequency conversion air conditioning is not fully mature, but according to the survey data, the frequency conversion air conditioning in Japan and Europe and the United States and other developed countries has become the technology platform of air conditioning industry, about 98% of the air conditioning for frequency conversion air conditioning. At the current national macroeconomic regulation and control and air-conditioning manufacturers, frequency conversion air conditioning in the future China will become a trend.
According to the current development of frequency conversion technology is mainly manifested in the following two aspects:
(1) the machine drive way - from ac frequency conversion to dc speed regulation;
(2) the system - the VVVF inverter technology, PWM pulse width speed control technology, vector control technology.
The advantage of frequency conversion technology:
- the cooling or heating speed
(2) a better comfort.
(3) the frequency conversion air conditioning is started with no big for circuit current shock.
Dc inverter with ac frequency conversion
Frequency conversion air conditioning through the adoption of frequency conversion technology to realize adjust the speed of the compressor, depend on how changes in compressor speed to control the size of the output power (i.e., heat cooling system), so as to achieve the goal of control room temperature. Divided into ac frequency conversion and dc inverter.
Ac frequency conversion: adopt ac frequency conversion compressor, 2 times to adjust voltage conversion, thus achieve the goal of power saving.
Dc frequency conversion: the dc digital variable speed compressor, only after a voltage conversion, relative to the 18-40% of the ac frequency conversion can save electric energy, which reflects the advantages of dc frequency conversion technology.
Frequency conversion air conditioning to achieve its function on the basis of the principle of the air conditioning that decide frequency, change the frequency conversion compressor, equipped with frequency conversion controller system, and the capillary for electronic expansion valve. Accessory part: defrost valve, double capillary. But at present, frequency conversion air conditioning prone to successively generation optimal, replace the imported high quality with low price components artifacts. Due to its main components of high cost, selling price is too high, so lead to maintenance costs are high.
Frequency conversion air conditioning because of circuit system is more complicated than the fixed frequency, when using the system reliability is lower than the air conditioning that decide frequency, easier than fixed frequency machine out of order, maintenance is difficult and high cost. In the control process of high frequency electromagnetic wave higher than the constant speed air conditioning, harmful to human body, is affected by this for a long time can cause brain cancer incidence is higher than the average man. Frequency conversion air conditioning separate-bodied air-conditioners are microcomputer control of the inverter, the printed circuit board in the case of high temperature and humidity is easy to damage.
Frequency conversion air conditioning is usually synonymous with high-end air conditioning, but now appear on the market a lot of low frequency conversion air conditioning, the defects of low frequency conversion air conditioning in what aspects? Mainly is to cut corners, such as: buy domestic low frequency conversion compressor instead of frequency conversion compressor with high quality. Using capillary instead of electronic expansion valve to obtain high profits. Is the small number frequency conversion compressor used in big horse horse power on the machine. Production used by frequency converter, reduce the use of four-way valve to increase profits.
Direct current (dc) of the two electrode polarity is fixed, only one current flow, not happen alternating, no frequency, frequency conversion to talk about? Promotion on the market at present the so-called "dc frequency conversion air conditioning air conditioning is, in fact, dc speed control, it USES the dc speed regulation technology is far superior to FM technology.
Dc speed control only after a voltage conversion, so smaller than frequency modulation speed control energy consumption. In addition, because this is the permanent magnet dc motor stator, and dispense with three-phase ac asynchronous motor stator current consumption, so, this paragraph of it from the grid power supply to the motor electrical efficiency than FM high speed way, save the energy. Section not energy-saving mainly depends on the design of refrigeration system and configuration, depending on the size of the refrigeration coefficient of the system. Will improve into speed constant speed air conditioning air conditioning mainly is the way to improve its automatic adjustment, in order to improve the quality of the machine, rather than on the target of energy saving. But speed is only a foundation, to improve quality of air conditioner running and the improvement of the real still depends on the matching of cooling system. Control system are key components of the refrigerating capacity throttling decompression device, if not from the constant damping capillary to match the speed range with the electronic pressure reducing valve, adjustable damping (expansion valve), so, the control air conditioner is not much meaning, even the electricity required to excess consumption internal transformation. Today air conditioning efficiency than normal between 2.6 2.9, rarely more than 3.0.
free, frequency conversion air conditioning
The Japanese cfc-free, frequency conversion air conditioning penetration has more than 95%, the European market sales have more than 90% used in air conditioning is a new refrigerant R410a cfc-free, environmental protection air conditioning, north American policy announced in 2010 will also ban R22 refrigerant; The Copenhagen conference held at the end of 09 also accelerated the pace of fluoride air-conditioning elimination, dominated by cfc-free, frequency conversion technology of air conditioning and formal opening. For frequency conversion trend, cfc-free, is also a hot spot of their industry, not only frequency conversion market share will surge, cfc-free, frequency conversion air conditioning time will come, vigorously develops the frequency conversion air conditioning market together.
What is no? Call of fluorine-free, mean air conditioning in the use of the refrigerant does not produce of atmospheric ozone layer after damaging chlorofluorocarbons ", so when use will environmental health. Currently, sell field commonly used two kinds of air conditioning refrigerant is refrigerant R410A and R22, these two kinds of R22 is common, and the R410A refrigerant are emphatically recommended merchant model or use was sold on the basis of cfc-free air-conditioning products.
In fact, as early as in a long time ago, no air conditioning has been popularized in some developed countries use, for the domestic air conditioning market, due to the effect of the production cost and the domestic current situation of the original, cfc-free air-conditioning air-conditioning manufacturers only as the focus of the flagship product in use, and the use of relatively cfc-free refrigerants in air conditioning on price on the high side, this is all is closely connected with the cost of production and domestic market.
From the perspective of consumers, cfc-free air-conditioning not only has the use of healthy environmental protection features, its characteristics of high efficient and more robust products but also promoted the popularity of air conditioning, and no air conditioning to widely use, not only increase the investment of fluorine-free products need to manufacturers, at the same time also need national policy support, like frequency conversion air conditioning appliances to the countryside, frequency conversion share to get fast growth, thanks to correct principles and policies of the country, so the country's macroeconomic regulation and control and guide, in next year's development of air conditioning years will also play a subtle role.
Follow the market development, cfc-free, frequency conversion air conditioning will conform to the product development direction in the next few years will be massive invasion of product areas, such as health, high efficiency, safety, higher characteristics to win customers, win the market.
The development of frequency conversion air conditioning for the air conditioning that decide frequency, it is a kind of threat and a turnaround. Threats, the market share of the air conditioning that decide frequency will be devoured by frequency conversion products step by step, although the current fixed frequency products with strong position, but look from the prospects for the future development of variable frequency must be the mainstream direction, and the frequency of the world are expected to be replaced. Looked from the development of frequency conversion for many years, the development trend of the market in recent years is a change, not only this year frequency conversion shares soared, look from the major manufacturers of dynamic, frequency conversion products is unstoppable.
Research of frequency conversion air conditioning
Frequency conversion is the key to change frequency, frequency range is wider, adaptability to external cold quantity demand changes the stronger, the better the performance. Gyro compressor structure features like we played as a child, the rotation speed more work more stable, the lower the speed and the more unstable. For low frequency operation, must solve compressor vibration, vacuum exhaust pipe pulsation and compressor oil return and other technical problems, so the low frequency is variable frequency technology difficulty, also is the core technology.
Compared to low frequency and high frequency of air conditioning, there are two significant differences, one is the low frequency operation power smaller, a minimum of 45 w; Secondly, to achieve wider cold (hot) output, high frequency quantity of cold (hot) and the adjusting range is narrow, easier to downtime, temperature fluctuations, comfort is poor.
On this concept, the low frequency stable operation of frequency conversion technology, means more energy efficient and comfortable, and low frequency is the inevitable trend of the development of frequency conversion technology. Now gree 1 hz frequency conversion technology in China reached the world advanced level, to achieve this technology does have certain difficulty, it needs to be more and more enterprises to actively participate, increasing the financial input in independent research and development, not on the master low-frequency inverter technology "step in the slow, slow step by step", or will be hard to a good position in the intense market competition.
The central air conditioning variable frequency
The trend of the central air conditioning variable frequency
With the speeding up of the urban construction and economic development speed, the scope and application of central air conditioning field is more and more big, on the premise of reducing social, strengthen the central air-conditioning energy saving technology research and development, the central air conditioning energy consumption to a minimum extent, become the inevitable trend of central air conditioning industry development.
The working principle of the central air-conditioning energy saving
Central air conditioning technology is mainly adopted by the vapor compression refrigeration cycle and absorption refrigeration cycle, displacement of piston compressor or general use screw compressor and centrifugal compressor speed type. Central frequency conversion air conditioning is a host and terminal system of central air conditioning, the computer control technology, using frequency conversion compressor and controlled frequency converter, according to the central air conditioning area the change of environmental temperature on the influence of the frequency converter, automatic selection dehumidification, heating or cooling mode of operation, and maintain the stability of air conditioning running speed, in saving energy, reducing energy consumption under the premise of in the shortest time is the temperature within the surrounding environment quickly reach standard, if you need to meet people of central air conditioning, energy saving, comfortable requirements rapidly.
The future development trend of the central air-conditioning energy saving
Is the basis of the future development of the central air-conditioning energy saving, energy saving and emission reduction to protect the environment is the basis of the future development of the central air-conditioning energy saving energy conservation and emissions reduction, environmental protection is a second frequency conversion energy-saving central air conditioning system development direction. The rising of people's living standard at the beginning of the economic and social development is often at the expense of the environment, to this, people have the profound experience, energy conservation and emissions reduction, environmental protection is becoming a global consistent requirements of economic development, the future development of the central air-conditioning energy saving must also service and subject to the overall situation, constantly improve the level of automation control system of central air conditioning, further reducing energy cost, decreasing the central air conditioning system of atmospheric pollution, improve the central air conditioning compressor system and terminal system of safe and economical operation, promote the all-round development of the central air-conditioning energy saving.
In recent years the annual rural housing built-up areas amount to 900,000,000 even to 1,000,000,000 square meter. However, in such great number of house buildings, the heating insulation and heating preservation are poor, which lead to serious energy-consumption, The consumption in Chinese rural housing is 3 ~ 5 times as much as that in the developed countries. So it’s necessary and urgent to take effective measures to save energy in rural housing.
The optimization design of housing energy-saving lies in two aspects: heating insulation and heating preservation. Because of the hot summer and lack of heating facilities, building in south China need better designs in. Ventilation, heating insulation and heat shock prevention in summer. And those in the North need more designs in warm proof and preventing heat loss.
三、 FACTORS ON HOUSING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
1、 Solar radiation
Solar radiation is the energy source, how much energy we get from the sun depends on the change of day and night , because of the rotation of the earth, the change of seasons because of earth revolution and the latitude of our location.
2、 Wind force
This factor includes the direction and intensity of the wind. In actual design we should mainly consider whether there’re high trees, buildings or hills around the house which may hold back the wind force.
3、 The conduction of heat
This factor mainly include the thickness of walls and roof, building areas of the doors and windows, and the absorption and reflection of solar radiation and heat conduction performance of the building material.
4、 Afforestation
This factor mainly refers to tall trees around houses and the plant cover on the outer walls and roofs, which equally affects the absorption of solar radiation as well as the wind force obstruction.
5 、Heating and cooling equipments
This refers to those various indoor equipments such as electric fans, ventilating fans, air conditioners to lower the temperature, and gas stoves, heated brick beds, heating walls and so on.
INQUIRY INTO THE OPTIMIZED DESIGNS
3.1 The location and orientation of houses
Because cold currents from Siberia and Mongolian Highland. Often invade our county in winter and strong solar radiation affects the hinterland in summer, Cold winter and hot summer is the feature of the climate in China. Generally in deciding the location and orientation of the houses we mainly take local topographic condition, sunshine time, the prevailing wind, direction throughout the year and the degree of solar radiation into consideration. Usually in North China the orientation of rural houses should avoid winter prevailing wind and prevent the cold air, while in the South, the rural houses need to face the prevailing wind in summer and increase the air circulation as well as avoiding the western exposure.
3.2 Design of energy-saving outer walls
This includes the designs of outer walls and roof. Among them, the energy-saving design of outer walls involves the optimized design of build coefficient and use of energy-saving building material.
The build coefficient, as a build-control quota in common use, refers to the ratio of the exterior area. Exposed in outdoor atmosphere and the volume enclosed by the buildings. The larger the exterior area of the building, The larger the heat-dissipating area. So heat dissipation will increase with the build coefficient. There are several ways to control the build coefficient.
1) Choose appropriate plane shape according to the topographic condition(see Table 1);
2) Increase the number of floors can lower the building coefficient;
3) Place the building units side by side can also lower the building coefficient, for one building unit is added, one gable is left out and the exterior area is reduced.
Table 1 : Build coefficients of different shape
| Parameter | Triangle | Square | 1:2 Rectangle | Circle |
| Number of bottom sides | 3 | 4 | 4 | ∞ |
| Standard building area | 0.77 | 1 | 0.89 | 1.27 |
| volume | 0.39 | 0.5 | 0.45 | 0.64 |
| Build Coefficient | 5.13 | 4 | 4.44 | 3.13 |
When it comes to the building material, 240 mm or 360 mm solid sticky brick walls were traditionally used in Chinese rural houses. Although less investment is involved, it will destroy severely the cultivated land and consume lots of coal. According to relevant data, on average, to make 100 million solid sticky bricks 150 acres farmland and 7,850 tons coal are needed. On the other hand, the sticky bricks used as the outer walls have lower thermal resistance compared with others (see Table 2). Usually hollow bricks or porous bricks can be used in those areas rich in clay, while in those places with convenient transportation facilities, 190mm or 240mm double-hole concrete bricks or 240mm triple-hole concrete bricks can be chosen.
Table2:Thermal Resistance of common used bricks
| Type of walls | Thickness of walls (mm) | Thermal conductivity (w/m2.k) | Thermal resistance (m2.k/ w) |
| Solid clay brick | 240 | 2.05 | 0.49 |
| Hollow clay brick | 240 | 1.50 | 0.67 |
| Poroue clay brick | 240 | 1.57 | 0.64 |
| Single-row-hole concrete brick | 190 | 2.14 | 0.467 |
| Double-row-hole Concrete brick | 190 | 1.309 | 0.764 |
| Double-row-hole Concrete brick | 240 | 2.44 | 0.641 |
| Triple-row-hole Concrete brick | 240 | 1.26 | 0.792 |
And the design of rural houses roof can adopt traditional slopping roofs. Together with tiles on the slopping roofs, this design is economic and convenient for maintenance and has good heat insulation effect. If the flat roofs are adopted, we can increase the bearing and against-seep capacity of the house surface. At the same time, we can add plant layer for heat insulation to the roof. That means to grow plants on the roof which can shelter the roof from heat and absorb the heat energy for photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration. These plants change the solar radiation heat into bio-energy and useful air components.
3.3 Designs of energy-saving doors and windows
Doors and windows are the weakest parts in rural houses energy-saving design. The heating and refrigeration energy run off greatly from doors and windows. In order to prevent the energy running-off and increase the lighting of houses, the position and area of the doors and windows openings should be decided properly. Therefore, the very key point in optimized energy-saving design of rural houses lies in how to improve the heat insulation function of doors and windows.
The energy-saving design of doors and windows depends on such conditions as the latitude of the house, local sunshine rate in summer and winter, the lighting of rooms, and sunshine shelter among houses.
In North China, it’s cold and windy in winter, large quantity of heat runs off from doors and windows, which makes 25%~30% of the total house heat loss. Another one is the ventilation capacity, which increases by raising the thermal conductivity and increasing the airtight property of doors and windows. Following measures can be taken:
1) Decrease the thermal conductivity and design doors and windows with proper size, position and shape. It’s unnecessary to make large doors or windows if they can ensure enough lighting and convenience. They’d better face south, not north. It’s desirable to use double-windows or double-glass windows with curtains, and doors with curtains which can reduce the loss of heat. And the material used for doors and windows can be wood for it has small thermal resistance. Plastic or rubber latex frame can also be used if possible.
2) Increase its airtight property. The heat lost through cracks of doors or windows makes up 40%~60% of the total heat loss. Usually, it is simple and practical to seal with paper the cracks around windows and doors.
In the South, summer solar radiation heat comes into the rooms through doors and windows. So the emphasis on saving energy lies in the proper utilization of doors and windows to decrease or take away the heat inside the house and provide cool air, It mainly involves making use of natural wind and setting up different kinds of sunshade equipment, For the former we may take the following measures: 1)Decide proper places and directions of windows to face local prevailing wind in summer and try to decrease or avoid the obstruction of air currents; 2)Properly set doors and windows to make convective wind, to guide the draught and form a short and straight wind passage, The sunshade equipment includes all kinds of indoor curtains and out-door equipment. The curtains can be made of cloth, bamboos or reeds. And the sunshade equipment can be asbestos board, light concrete, or reed mat, bamboo curtain, and mat shelter and so on.
3.4 Design of afforestation
If there’re climbing plants such as Chinese ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper or Boston ivy on the east, south and west walls of the house, the heat on the walls can be reduced and the heat insulation function improved, in addition to the benefit of beautifying the environment and purifying the air.
Also we can plant trees around the houses, of which fruit trees and evergreen trees can be planted together. Fruit trees can shelter us from wind and rain, provide us with fruits. But leaves on most of them will fall in winter. It’s more reasonable to put evergreen trees in them.
3.5 Indoor design and decoration
Try to arrange the bedrooms south, the kitchen, toilet and storeroom north, and connect sewer of the toilet with the methane tank.
What people use and touch mostly in the house are indoor decoration and furniture. So the indoor decoration should be energy-saving, natural, reasonable and humanizing. Unnecessary decoration can be removed to keep rational inner space, and color is of great use to our emotion, health and weariness removal. In order to improve the cosiness of rooms and reduce the load of equipment so as to save energy, the natural colors can be chosen. At the same time cosy inner environment can remove the isolation of indoor and outdoor spaces and meet the psychological needs of climate. Generally, to hang our favorite calligraphy and paintings on the wall will add our aesthetic feeling and remove the weary feeling.
3.6 Develop and utilize the methane
According to statistics the heat efficiency of rural heating equipment such as heating walls, heated kang only reach 15%~20%, the main fuels are still coal and firewood. When they are burnt, they let out oxide of sulphur and nitrogen which will do harm to human health and make the environment acid. And the dust and ash they discharge will affect the growth of agricultural plants and make the atmosphere staler. It’s urgent in rural environmental and resources protection to devote major efforts to developing various energy and reducing woods lumbering and coal utilization. What’s more, there is much domestic animals excrement in rural areas. The excrement of human and animals can be collected into methane tank for methane. So the energy can be put into full use and fertilizer efficiently of manure can be improved. And the utilization of methane is cleaner and more convenient than that of coal or woods.
3.7 Exploit groundwater
If condition permits, try to use groundwater in daily life. Because groundwater gush out from underground, its temperature maintain at around 12~20℃ throughout the year, and there is no great difference in temperature between summer and winter while the atmosphere temperature change a lot, it’s extremely hot in summer and bitter cold in winter. According to this feature, to draw groundwater can save much energy. What’s more, the groundwater is cleaner than tap water and is rich in trace elements necessary for life.
This research topic will abandon the former control plan, will recognize, the servo-control system theory, the intelligence control system theory take the model as the foundation, will unify with the central air conditioning main engine refrigeration technology and the cold intermediary circulatory system control, take the frequency conversion technology as theassistance method, the realization central air conditioning entire system whole coordination movement and the overall performance optimization. This research is the air conditioning energy conservation new idea, has represented the energy conservation technology recent development tendency.
1) circulatory system energy conservation: By the system angle, through to the terminal load parameter, the central air conditioning main engine, the auxiliary engine movement operating mode change, the gathering temperature, the pressure and so on the many kinds of coefficient of variation, then through the load move computation, the change system freezing water current capacity, the cooling water current capacity and the cooling tower air blower amount of wind adapts the air conditioning load change, simultaneously causes the main engine movement operating mode throughout to be in optimized in the best operating point. Generally when full load pumping machine needs the full speed movement, has not conserved energy the space, but uses the redundant technology and the frequency conversion technology unifies, the proportioning pump and the variable displacement pump coordinate,it is the truths.To freezes the aqueous system to use the best output energy control. When the ambient temperature, the air conditioning terminal load changes, Optimized the main engine movement pattern each group freezing water for the backwater temperature, the temperature difference, the differential pressure and the current capacity also along with it change, these parameters which the flow meter, the differential-pressure pickup and the temperature sensor examines delivers to the intelligent controller, the real-time data and the system history performance data which the controller basis gathers, the real-time idea figures out the refrigeration quantity which the terminal air conditioning load needs, as well as each group freezing water for the backwater temperature, the temperature difference, the differential pressure and the current capacity best value, and to this adjusts various frequency changers output frequency, the control freezes the water pump the rotational speed, Changes its current capacity to cause the freezing aqueous system for the backwater temperature, the temperature difference, the differential pressure and the current capacity movement the optimum value which produces in the controller.Because the freezing aqueous system has used the output energy dynamic control, the realization air conditioning host frozen intermediary current capacity follows the terminal load the demand supply, causes the air-conditioning system in each kind of load situation, all can both guarantee terminal user's comfortableness, and maximum limit has saved the system energy consumption.The cooling water system uses the best hot transfer efficiency control. The cooling water and the cooling tower air blower system uses the best transfer efficiency control. When the ambient temperature, the air conditioning terminal load changes, central air conditioning main engine load factor along with it change, main engine condenser best hot transformation temperature also along with it change. The intelligent controller basis gathers the real-time data and the system history performance data, calculates the main engine condenser the best hot transformation temperature (inflection point temperature) and the cooling water is best, the inlet temperature, and by this adjustment cooling water pump and the cooling tower air blower frequency changer output frequency, the control cooling water pump and the cooling tower air blower rotational speed, the dynamic adjustment cooling water current capacity and the cooling tower air blower amount of wind, causes the cooling water to enter, the outlet temperature approaches the optimum value which the intelligent controller produces, thus guaranteed the central air conditioning main engine is at under the best transfer efficiency condition to move as necessary.
Because the cooling water system uses the best transfer efficiency control, had guaranteed the central air conditioning main engine in the full load and in the partial load situation, is at the best active status, throughout maintains the best energy use factor (namely the COP value), thus reduced the air conditioning main engine energy consumption, simultaneously because the cooling water pump and the cooling tower air blower frequently in are lower than under the fixed load to move, also maximum limit saved the cooling water pump and the cooling tower air blower energy consumption.
2) auxiliary engine energy conservation: Each kind pumps the kind (freezing to pump, cold water pump, air blower and so on) the movement energy conservation. Uses has the space vector control the frequency conversion velocity modulation way, changes the proportioning pump the variable displacement pump. Auxiliary engine energy conservation many to 40%
3) optimizes the auxiliary engine movement pattern: Generally when full load pumping machine needs the full speed movement, has not conserved energy the space,but uses the redundant technology and the frequency conversion technology unifies, the proportioning pump and the variable displacement pump coordinate, the optimized movement pattern, may cause the auxiliary engine unit to synthesize the energy conservation.
4) multi-parameters non-linearity control: This system for multi-parameters, when changes, the nonlinear system, take the computer as the control method, designs a set to have from seeks the stable security control system which the superior auto-adapted intelligent control, the function consummates
This central air conditioning dynamic load track energy conservation control system, with the central air-conditioning system necessary use, may realize the central air-conditioning system highly effective energy conservation, the effect is remarkable. After the theoretical calculation, compares with the permanent current capacity central air-conditioning system, whole year the average electricity saving rate may reach 20%-30%. This project technology content is high, is the collection warmly passes the air conditioning technology, the refrigeration technology, the intelligent control theory and the computer control technology is a body central air conditioning highly effective energy conservation system.
systems characteristics
1) entire closed loop: The central air conditioning main engine, the auxiliary engine, the circulatory system and so on took the whole constitution energy conservation control system, seeks one kind of best control rule, causes the central air conditioning main engine, the cold intermediary current capacity system all along with to shoulder Q the change to change, is for the purpose of satisfying the air conditioning area comfortableness to have to shoulder under the Q premise, realization overall system greatest degree energy conservation.
2) moves stably, safe: Optimized the main engine movement pattern, may solve the main engine to open stops the question, reduces the surge current, reduces the electrical network demand capacity; Uses softly opens stops with the low frequency movement water pump, the air blower, avoids opening stops attacks the electrical network and reduces the equipment machinery to wear, lengthens the useful life of equipment.
3) long-distance control: Through long-distance communication connection and computer connection, realization long-distance control, running status visible.
4) system adaptability strong: This electricity saving system may with the new clothing central air-conditioning system or with the old attire central air-conditioning system necessary use, does not change the original system the installment, the system connection is simple, the electricity saving system increase and the unloading cuts conveniently, does not have the impact. This system area is small, the overall system movement does not need to nurse, the low noise, not to have the unusual smell; Conserves energy, the environmental protection high is good; Does not produce the deleterious substance, not good has not affected to the environment.
四.CONCLUSION
we should take measures suited to local condition and study closely the energy-saving designs, after expounding and proving the technology we can find the best energy-saving plan and build economic and comfortable energy-saving houses.
浅谈暖通空调节能技术
【摘要】 高层建筑在节能设计方面存在一些如自然采光利用率低、室内通风效果不佳、外围护结构保温隔热能力差、可再生能源的利用率不高等常见的问题。中国农村居民住房的能耗量是发达国家的3~5倍，因此对这类用房采取有效节能措施已势在必行并迫在眉睫。变频”采用了比较先进的技术，它是通过变频器改变电源频率，从而改变压缩机的运转转速的一种技术。而在变频空调的发展方向上，直流变频和无氟是其必然趋势.
【关键词】 高层建筑节能 变频空调节能 农村住宅节能
引言
热舒适是心灵的状态，与热环境表示满意，并受主观评价标（ANSI / ASHRAE标准55）。保持热舒适标准的建筑物或其它附件住户是暖通空调系统设计工程师的重要目标（加热，通风，空调）。
为了创造舒适的室内空调环境，必须消耗大量的能源。暖通空调能耗是建筑能耗中的大户，据统计，在发达国家中，暖通空调能耗占建筑能耗的65％，以建筑能耗占总能耗的35.6％计算，暖通空调能耗占总能耗的比例竟高达22.75％，由此可见建筑节能工作的重点应该是暖通空调的节能。从暖通空调的能耗组成可以看出：暖通空调系统的能耗主要决定于空调冷、热负荷的确定和空调系统的合理配置，空调系统的布置和空调设备的选择是以空调负荷为依据的。所以暖通空调节能的关键是空调外界负荷和内部负荷的确定，而暖通空调节能工作也应该从这个方面着手，合理布置建筑物的位置，正确选择外墙、门、窗、屋顶的形状及材料等，尽量减少空调负荷。
室内环境的影响
暖通空调的目标是为人们提供舒适的生活和生产室内热环境，主要包括：室内空气温度、空气湿度、气流速度以及人体与周围环境（包括四壁、地面、顶棚等）之间的辐射换热（简称环境热辐射）等。在一般的舒适性空调中，以能够使人体保持平衡而满足人们的舒适感觉为目的；在恒温恒湿或有洁净要求的工艺性空调中，一切以满足生产工艺为目标。而房屋的建筑热工设计是恰当地利用房屋维护结构的热导性，抵抗室外气候的变化，使房间内产生舒适的微气候。
围护结构暖通空调负荷的影响
围护结构包括外围结构和内围护结构。外围护结构主要包括屋面、外墙和窗户（包括阳台门等）；内围护结构主要包括地面、顶棚、内隔墙等。在采暖建筑中，围护结构的传热热损失占总的热损失的比例是较大的，以4个单元6层的砖墙、混凝土楼板的典型多层建筑为例，在北京地区，通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的77％（其中外墙25％，窗户24％，楼梯间隔墙11％，屋面9％，阳台门下部3％，地面2％）；通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占23％；在哈尔滨地区，通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的71％（其中外墙28％，窗户28％，屋面9％，阳台门下部1％，外门1％，地面4％）；通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占29％。由此可见改善围护结构的热工性能对于暖通空调节能具有重要意义。
建筑规划设计对暖通空调节能的影响
规划设计时建筑节能设计的重要方面，规划节能设计应从建设选址、分区、建筑和道路布局走向、建筑方位朝向、建筑体型、建筑间距、冬季季风主导方向、太阳辐射、建筑外部空间环境构成等方面进行研究。以优化建筑的微气候环境；有利于节能，充分重视和利用太阳能、冬季主导风向、地形和地貌，利用自然因素。节能规划设计就是分析成气候的决定因素、辐射因素、大气环流因素和地理因素的有利、不利影响，通过建筑的规划布局对上述因素进行充分利用、改造，形成良好的居住条件和有利于节能的微气候环境。建筑旁边的绿化不但有防风、隔声、防尘和美化环境的作用，而且对于建筑节能也有重要作用。
因为首先树木可以从根部吸收水分，同过叶面蒸发，从而降低空气温度，其次树木有很好的遮阳作用，从而使建筑物直接受到的太阳辐射及从地面得到的辐射热减少，二是树木有引导风及挡风的作用。此外，地面不但会反射太阳辐射，而且其本身辐射升高后又会成为新的热辐射源。所以尽量种草、植树，避免地面土壤裸露，并减少不必要的大面积混凝土地坪对于减少空调负荷，达到节能的目的是非常重要的手段。而且清洁的室外环境对于洁净空调系统的有效运行和空调箱过滤器的寿命也是有利的。
一、高层建筑设计常见问题
高层建筑设计中常出现围护结构保温隔热能力差的问题，建筑的外围护结构包括屋面、外墙、外窗以及地面等部位。对于高层建筑而言，由于其竖向表面面积远大于横向屋面面积，因此，建筑屋顶、建筑外墙及建筑外窗的保温隔热能力成为了衡量其围护结构保温隔热能力的决定性因素。影响建筑外墙节能的主要因素是墙体材料，以及影响墙体材料节能效果的墙体外饰面，东、西外墙遮阳，墙体构造形式等。
在研究中发现，高层建筑外墙应设置保温层，采用双层玻璃。由于西安高新区清扬国际大厦，外墙采用加气混凝土砌块，未设置保温层，使得该办公建筑供暖空调能耗占总能耗的比例高达60.27%。另外，当建筑外墙采用玻璃幕墙配合外挂铝塑板的构造做法时，虽然设置了聚苯板外保温但其供暖空调能耗普遍较高，如旺座现代城B座和D座，供暖空调能耗高达54.62%～56.08%。在窗户类型的选择上，分析可知，供暖空调能耗较高的都采用了单层单玻窗，能耗高达56.8%～60.27%。除此之外，还发现几乎没有高层建筑采取遮阳手段来降低供暖空调能耗，尤其是西向遮阳的问题，值得引起专业人员的重视。
设计对策
（1）外围护结构材料。针对目前高层建筑外围护结构材料以实体围护结构和透明围护结构为主的现状，且基于高层建筑外围护结构并非承重结构，材料选取较为灵活的特点，对于实体围护结构，应尽量选用导热系数小的多孔/空心砌块或加气混凝土砌块等，配合外墙外保温和合理的窗墙面积比，控制由外围护结构保温隔热带来的能耗损失。对于处于寒冷地区与夏热冬冷地区交界的城市，应尽量减少玻璃幕墙的使用。当实体围护结构达到保温隔热要求后，透明围护结构应遵循以下措施：尽量减少使用玻璃幕墙；控制合理的窗墙面积比，控制可开启面积以组织通风；选用节能的玻璃和窗框材料，注意控制密封性能。
（2）墙体外饰面。建筑外墙饰面是围护结构抵御外界气候影响的第一道防线，其材料的热工性能将直接影响围护结构的热工性能。建筑墙体外饰面对建筑节能设计的影响主要通过围护结构外表面对太阳辐射热的吸收系数表现出来：一是在房间制冷状态下，对房间能耗的影响；二是对墙体传热系数的直接影响；三是房间在自然通风状态下对墙体内表面最高温度的影响。《居住建筑节能设计标准》规定：建筑外墙采用“浅色外饰面（太阳辐射吸收系数＜0.6）”节能措施时，计算外墙的总热阻时可附加“隔热措施的当量附加热阻0.2”，当外墙的传热系数由于其构成而不能达到《建筑节能设计标准》要求时，采用“浅色外饰面”的节能措施则可使每种材料包括200mm厚钢筋混凝土的传热系数值均可满足“民用建筑节能设计标准”对传热性能的规定要求。建筑的外墙饰面目前有瓷砖、涂料、石材以及金属幕墙材料等等，最典型的2类外墙饰面是瓷砖及涂料。节能设计中采用浅色外饰面或部分采用浅色外饰面显然是有利的。
（3）墙体外遮阳。除外围护结构材料的选择外，还可增加建筑遮阳，以减少供暖空调能耗。建筑遮阳包括水平遮阳、垂直遮阳、综合遮阳等方式，可结合立面设计意图进行设计，尤其应注意西向遮阳对节约建筑能耗的作用。《居住建筑节能设计标准》规定：建筑的“东、西外墙采用花格构件或爬藤植物遮阳（透射比＜0.5）”的节能措施时，计算外墙的总热阻时可附加“隔热措施的当量附加热阻0.3”，节能设计中应考虑“东、西外墙遮阳”，在夏天东、西晒非常严重的地区，东、西外墙遮阳措施有待加强。这方面可以借鉴热带地区城市，如马来西亚和香港等的设计经验。在这些城市，高层建筑遮阳措施的使用在带来较好遮阳效果的同时，也丰富了建筑立面，增加了城市景观。
在系统的能源使用方面，应尽量开发可再生能源的利用，如太阳能、地热能、风能、水能、生物质能等。利用风力发电、太阳能光伏发电、垃圾发电、太阳能热利用、地热利用和沼气发电等，来减少对煤和天然气等不可再生能源和电、蒸汽、热水等二次能源的依赖。例如，使用分体空调的建筑建议增设地源热泵，这样可大大降低空调系统能耗；使用螺杆式水冷机组的建筑建议增加蓄冷装置，冷却塔的废热应予以回收利用；热泵作为一种新型节能技术，也应该在办公建筑中考虑采用；关于太阳能的利用，可以在冬季利用太阳能供暖、夏季采用太阳能制冷系统，全年中都可以使用太阳能光电系统和热水系统。
二、变频空调
节能可以说是楼字自动控制系统的出发点和归宿。众所周知，在智能建筑中，HVAC(采暖、通风和空调)系统所耗费的能量要占到大楼消耗的总能量的极大部分比例，大致在50％~60％左右。特别是冷：东机组、冷却塔、循环水泵和空调机组、新风机组，都是耗能大户。所以实有必要发展一种有效的空调系统节能方法，尤其用是在改善现有大楼空调系统自动化上方面。DDC(Directdigitalcontr01)直接数字化控制，是一项构造简单操作容易的控制设备，它可借由接口转接设备随负荷变化作系统控制，如空调冷水循环系统、空调箱变频自动风量调整及冷却水塔散热风扇的变频操控等，可以让空调系统更有效率的运转，这样，不仅为物业管理带来很大的经济效益，而且还可使系统在较佳的工况下运行，从而延长设备的使用寿命以及达到提供舒适的空调环境和节能之目的。
一般大楼常用的空调系统有CAV、VAV、VWV等，各有不同操控方式，都可以用DDC控制。
1、定风量系统(ConstantAirVolume，简称CAV)。
定风量系统为空调机吹出的风量一定，以提供空调区域所需要的冷(暖)气。当空调区域负荷变动时，则以改变送风温度应付室内负荷，并达到维持室内温度于舒适区的要求。常用的中央空调系统为AHU(空调机)与冷水管系统(FCU系统)。这两者一般均以定风量(CAV)来供应空调区，为了应付室内部分负荷的变动，在AHU定风量系统以空调机的变温送风来处理，在一般FCU系统则以冷水阀ON／OFF控制来调节送风温度。
2、变风量系统(VAV)
变风量系统(VarlableAirVolume，简称VAV)即是空调机(AHU或FCU)可以调变风量。常用的中央空调系统为AHU(空调机)与冷水管系统FCU系统。这两者一般均以定风量(CAV)来供应空调区，为了应付室内部分负荷的变动，在AHU定风量系统以空调机的变温送风来处理，在一般FCU系统则以冷水阀ON／OFF控制来调节送风温度。然而这两者在送风系统上浪费了大量能源。因为在长期低负荷时送风机亦均执行全风量运转而耗电，这不但不易维持稳定的室内温湿条件，也浪费大量的送风运转能源。变风量系统就是针对送风系统耗电缺点的节能对策。变风量系统可分为两种：一种为AHU风管系统中的空调机变风量系统(AHU—VAV系统)；一种为FCU系统中的室内风机变风量系统(FCU-VAV系统)。AHU-VAV系统是在全风管系统中将送风温度固定，而以调节送风机送风量的方式来应付室内空调负荷的变动。FCU-VAV系统则是将冷水供应量固定，而在室内FCU加装无段变功率控制器改变送风量，亦即改变FCU的热交换率来调节室内负荷变动。这两种方式透过风量的调整来减少送风机的耗电量，同时也可增加热源机器的运转效率而节约热源耗电，因此可在送风及热源两方面同时获得节能效果。
3、变流量系统(VWV)
所谓变流量系统(VariableWaterVolume，简称VWV)，是以一定的水温供应空调机以提高热源机器的效率，而以特殊的水泵来改变送水量，顺便达成节约水泵用电的功效。变水量系统对水泵系统的节能效率依水泵的控制方式和VWV使用比例而异，一般VWV的控制方式有无段变速(SP)与双向阀控制方式。以上三种空调系统是目前大楼空调最常被设计的系统。中央空调控制也就是把管路、管件、阀体或阀门集中设定控制流体提供冷气。所以有效组合中央空调控制即能有效控制耗能，设计合乎节能的空调系统。
近年来，我国大部分地区，尤其是东南沿海地区夏季空调能耗正在急剧上升，空调用电激增的趋势已引起电网供电紧张。据统计，近年来我国每年炎热季节空调耗电已占全社会用电的三分之一，大量电能被工业和民用建筑空调所吞噬，尤其是大型建筑中央空调系统，如各类商业建筑（写字楼、商场、医院、饭店等）的中央空调由于其空间大、人流量多、运作时间长、管理复杂的特点，使得运行能耗相当高，商业建筑空调能耗几乎占其总能耗的50％。中央空调的设计容量是按最大负荷计算的，而大部份建筑物一年中只有几十天时间中央空调处于最大负荷状态。中央空调冷负荷始终处于动态变化之中，如每天早晚、每季交替、每年轮回、环境及人文状况，实时影响着中央空调的冷负荷。一般，冷负荷在5～60%范围内波动，大多数建筑物每年至少70%是处于这种情况。而大多数中央空调实际开机容量远小于装机容量，若以最大冷负荷为最大功率驱动，造成实际需要冷负荷与最大功率输出之间的矛盾，实际造成巨大能源浪费，给国民经济和社会发展带来很大的影响。这给中央空调的节能控制带来了严峻的课题，也给广大的节能控制领域的工作者带来了极大的施展才华的空间。
电力负荷缺口增大，电力供应紧张局面近几年难以得到缓和。因此，节能尤其是节电，不仅具有重大的社会意义而且具有迫切的现实意义。积极研究开发推广绿色环保新型空调技术和设备，抑制空调能耗增加，已成为建筑暖通空调领域一个迫切而热门的研究课题。依靠技术创新、体制创新，节能降耗，提高能源利用效率，保证在"能源消耗最少，环境污染最小"的基础上，实现"节能优先，结构多元，环境友好"的能源发展战略。
20世纪90年代后半期，家用电器依托变频技术，主要瞄准高功能和省电。比如，要求控制性能好、小型轻量、大容量、高舒适感、长寿命、安全可靠、静音、省电等优点。在空调器中，变频技术是一项新兴的技术，它是通过变频器改变电源频率，从而改变压缩机的运转转速的一种技术。变频空调，可根据环境温度自动选择制热、制冷和除湿运转方式，使居室在短时间内迅速达到所需要的温度并在低转速、低能耗状态下以较小的温差波动，实现了快速、节能和舒适控温效果，由于实现了压缩机的无级变速，它也可以适应更大面积的制冷制热需求。如今，变频空调已成为高效节能空调市场的发展方向和趋势，
变频空调技术的发展过程
变频技术是应交流电机无级调速的需要而诞生的。20世纪60年代后半期开始，电力电子器件从SCR(晶闸管)、GTO(门极可关断晶闸管)、BJT(双极型功率晶体管)、MOSFET(金属氧化物场效应管)、SIT(静电感应晶体管)、SITH(静电感应晶闸管)、MGT(MOS控制晶体管)、MCT(MOS控制品闸管)发展到今天的IGBT(绝缘栅双极型晶体管)、HVIGBT(耐高压绝缘栅双极型晶闸管)，器件的更新促使电力变换技术的不断发展。20世纪70年代开始，脉宽调制变压变频(PWM—VVVF)调速研究引起了人们的高度重视。20世纪80年代，作为变频技术核心的PWM模式优化问题吸引着人们的浓厚兴趣，并得出诸多优化模式，其中以鞍形波PWM模式效果最佳。20世纪80年代后半期开始，美、日、德、英等发达国家的VVVF变频器已投入市场并广泛应用。
VVVF变频器的控制相对简单，机械特性硬度也较好，能够满足一般传动的平滑调速要求，已在产业的各个领域得到广泛应用。但是，这种控制方式在低频时，由于输出电压较小，受定子电阻压降的影响比较显著，故造成输出最大转矩减小。另外，其机械特性终究没有直流电动机硬，动态转矩能力和静态调速性能都还不尽如人意，因此人们又研究出矢量控制变频调速。
矢量控制变频调速的做法是：将异步电动机在三相坐标系下的定子交流电流Ia、Ib、Ic、通过三相—二相变换，等效成两相静止坐标系下的交流电流Ia1Ib1，再通过按转子磁场定向旋转变换，等效成同步旋转坐标系下的直流电流Im1、It1(Im1相当于直流电动机的励磁电流；It1相当于与转矩成正比的电枢电流)，然后模仿直流电动机的控制方法，求得直流电动机的控制量，经过相应的坐标反变换，实现对异步电动机的控制。
VVVF变频、矢量控制变频都是交—直—交变频中的一种。其共同缺点是输入功率因数低，谐波电流大，直流回路需要大的储能电容，再生能量又不能反馈回电网，即不能进行四象限运行。为此，矩阵式交—交变频应运而生。由于矩阵式交—交变频省去了中间直流环节，从而省去了体积大、价格贵的电解电容。它能实现功率因数为l，输入电流为正弦且能四象限运行，系统的功率密度大。
空调器使用变频后，扩大了压缩机的工作范围，不需要压缩机在断续状态下运行就可实现冷、暖控制，达到降低电力消耗，消除由于温度变动而引起的不适感。近年来，新式的空调器已采用无刷直流电动机实现变频调速，其节能效果较交流异步电动机变频又提高约10％—15％。为了进一步提高装置的效能，近年来，日本的空调器又逐步从单纯的PWM控制改为PWM十PAM混合控制方式。即较低速时采用PWM控制，保持U／f为一定；当转速大于一定值时，将调制度固定在最大值附近，通过改变直流斩波器的导通占空LL，提高逆变器输入直流电压值，从而保持变频器输出电压和转速成比例，这一区域称为PAM区。采用混合控制方式后，变频器的输入功率因数、电机效率、装置综合效率都比单独PWA4控制时有较大幅度的提高。
变频空调的发展前景与研究
变频空调的发展前景
虽然在中国，变频空调由于种种原因，还没有完全发展成熟，但据数据调查，目前在日本和欧美等发达国变频空调已经成为空调行业的技术平台，98%左右的空调均为变频空调。以目前的国家宏观调控以及空调厂商等方面看来，今后中国的变频空调必然成为一种趋势。
“变频空调”采用了比较先进的技术，启动时电压较小，可在低电压和低温条件下启动，这对于某些地区由于电压不稳或冬天室外温度较低而空调难以启动的情况，有一定的改善作用。由于实现了压缩机的无级变速，它也可以适应更大面积的制热要求。不过，“变频空调”的价位通常较“定频空调”高出几百元。
根据目前的变频技术的发展主要表现在以下两个方面：
（1）机的驱动方式——从交流变频到直流调速；
（2）制技术——VVVF变频技术，PWM脉宽调速控制技术，矢量控制技术。
变频技术的优点：
（1）制冷或制热速度快
（2）较好的舒适性。
（3）变频空调启动时对电路没有大、的电流冲击。
直流变频与交流变频
变频空调通过采用变频技术来实现调节压缩机的转速，依靠压缩机转速的快慢变化来控制输出功率(即制冷制热量)的大小，从而达到控制室温的目的。分为交流变频和直流变频。
交流变频：采用交流变频压缩机，2次调节电压转换，从而达到省电的目的。
直流变频：采用直流数字变转速压缩机，只经过一次电压转换，相对于交流变频能节省18-40%的电能，从而体现出直流变频技术的优越性。
变频空调为实现其功能在定频空调的原理的基础上，换装了变频压缩机，加装了变频控制器系统，并将毛细管换为电子膨胀阀。辅件部分是：除霜阀，双毛细管。但目前变频空调容易产生以次代优的情况出现，即用低价构件代替进口优质构件。由于其主要部件成本高，销售价格过高，所以导致维修时成本也居高不下。
变频空调由于电路系统比定频复杂，在使用时系统可靠性比定频空调低、比定频机容易出故障：维修难度大，费用高。在调速过程中产生的高频电磁波比定速空调高，对人体有害，长期受此影响会导致脑癌的发生率高于常人。变频空调的室外机有微电脑控制的变频器，其印刷电路板在高温及潮湿的情况下较容易损坏。
变频空调通常是高端空调的代名词，但现在市面上出现了很多低价变频空调，低价变频空调的缺陷在哪些方面？主要是偷工减料，如：购买国产的低价变频压缩机取代优质变频压缩机。用毛细管代替电子膨胀阀来获得高额利润。是把小匹数变频压缩机用于大匹数功率的机器上。生产单冷变频机，减少使用四通阀来提高利润。
直流电的两个电极的极性是固定不变的，电流只有一个流向，不会发生交变，根本无频率可言，谈何变频？目前市场上宣传的所谓“直流变频空调”实际上是直流调速空调，它所采用的直流调速技术要远远优于调频技术。
直流调速只经过一次电压转换，所以能源损耗比调频调速要小。另外，由于这种直流电机的定子是永磁的，又省却了三相交流异步电机的定子电流消耗，所以，它从电网电源到电动机这一段的电效率要比调频调速方式高，节省了一定的能量。节不节能主要取决于制冷系统的设计与配置，视其系统制冷系数的大小而定。将恒速空调机改进成调速空调机主要就是为了改善其自动调节的方式，以提高机器的品质，而不是以节能为目标。但调速只不过是改善空调机运行品质的一个基础，而真正的改善还有赖于制冷系统的匹配。调节系统制冷量的关键部件是节流减压元件，如果不将其从恒阻尼的毛细管改成与调速范围相适应的、可调阻尼的电子减压阀（膨胀阀），那么，这种调速空调机就没有多大意义，甚至还要多余消耗内部转换所需的电能。现今空调的效能比一般在２.６—２.９之间，极少有超出３.０的。
无氟变频空调
目前，日本无氟变频空调普及率已高达95%以上、欧洲市场销售的空调中也有90%以上采用的是R410a新冷媒的无氟环保空调、北美地区的相关政策也宣布2010年将全面禁用R22冷媒；在09年末召开的哥本哈根会议也加速了含氟空调淘汰的步伐，以无氟变频技术为主导的空调时代正式开启。对于变频趋势来说，无氟也是其行业的一大热点，不但变频市场份额会有激增，无氟变频空调的时代也将到来，一同大力的开拓变频空调市场。
何为无氟？所谓的无氟，其实是说空调在使用这种制冷剂后不会产生对大气臭氧层有破坏力的“氟氯烃”，这样在使用时就会环保健康。目前，卖场上空调常用的两种制冷剂就是R410A制冷剂和R22这两种，R22比较普遍，而R410A制冷剂则在商家重点推荐机型或是以无氟为卖点的空调产品上运用。
其实，早在很久以前，无氟空调就已在一些发达国家普及运用，而对于国内空调市场，由于受生产成本以及国内原有现状影响，无氟空调仅作为广大空调厂商的重点主打产品中在运用，并且相对的使用无氟制冷剂的空调在价格上也偏高，这都是与生产成本以及国内市场走势密不可分。
从消费者角度出发，无氟空调不但有着健康环保的使用特性，其高效、更加强劲的产品特点更是提升了空调的关注度，而无氟空调想要大面积普及，不但需要厂商加大对无氟产品的投入力度，同时也需要国家政策给予支持，就像变频空调家电下乡，变频份额得到快速增长，这都得益于国家的正确方针与政策，所以国家的宏观调控与引导，在明年的空调发展年中也将起到潜移默化的作用。
跟随市场发展，无氟变频空调将会顺应产品发展方向会在未来几年大面积攻占产品领域，以健康、高效、安全性更高等特性赢得消费者，赢得市场。
变频空调的发展对于定频空调来说，这是一种威胁也是一次转机。威胁，定频空调的市场份额会逐步被变频产品所吞噬，虽然目前定频产品以有力地位占据，但从未来的发展前景看，变频必然是主流方向，而定频的天下也有望被取代。从变频多年的发展历程看，近年市场的发展趋势是一次转机，在今年不但变频份额激增，从各大厂商的动态上看，变频产品势不可挡。
变频空调的研究
变频的关键是频率变化，频率变化范围越宽，对外界冷量需求变化的适应性越强，性能越好。压缩机结构特点就像我们小时候玩的陀螺，自转的转速越高就越稳定，转速越低也就越不稳定。实现低频运行，必须解决压缩机振动、吸排气管脉动以及压缩机回油等技术难题，所以低频是变频技术难点，也是技术核心。
低频与高频空调相比，有两个显著区别，其一是低频运行功率更小，最低可达45w；其二是可以实现更宽的冷(热)量输出，而高频冷(热)量调节范围窄，更容易停机，温度波动大，舒适性差。
在这个概念上而言，变频技术低频稳定运行，意味着更节能舒适，因而低频必然是变频技术必然的发展趋势。目前我国格力的1赫兹变频技术达到世界先进水平，要达到这样技术水平的确有一定的难度，这需要更多的企业积极参与进来，加大自主研发投入，不能在掌握低频变频技术上“一步慢、步步慢”，否者将难以在激烈的市场竞争中占据有利地位。
中央空调变频
中央空调变频的趋势
随着城市建设和经济发展速度的加快，中央空调应用的范围和领域越来越大，在提倡节约性社会的前提下，加强中央空调变频节能的技术研究和开发，将中央空调的能源耗费降到最低程度，成为中央空调行业发展的必然趋势。
中央空调变频节能的工作原理
中央空调所采用的技术主要是蒸汽压缩式制冷循环和吸收式制冷循环两种，普遍应用容积型的活塞式压缩机或螺杆式压缩机以及速度型的离心式压缩机。中央变频空调是拥有主机及末段系统的中央空调，采用变频电脑控制技术，利用变频压缩机和可控制的变频器，根据中央空调区域环境温度的变化对变频器的影响，自动选择除湿、制热或者制冷的运转方式，并且保持空调运转转速的稳定，在节约能源，降低能耗的前提下，在最短时间内是周围环境内的温度迅速达到若你们所需要的标准，从而满足人们关于中央空调舒适、节能、快速的要求。
中央空调变频节能的未来发展趋势
中央空调变频节能的未来发展的基础是节能减排、保护环境中央空调变频节能的未来发展的基础是节能减排、保护环境是中央空调变频节能的第二个发展方向。人们生活水平的日益提高在经济社会的发展初期往往是以牺牲环境为代价的，对此，人们已经有了深刻的体会，节能减排、保护环境正成为全球经济发展的一致要求，中央空调变频节能的未来发展也必须服务和服从于这个大局，不断提高中央空调系统的自动化控制水平，进一步降低能源耗费，不断减少中央空调系统对大气的污染程度，全面提高中央空调压缩机系统和末段系统的运行的安全性和经济性，促进中央空调变频节能的全面发展。
近年来年均新增农村居民住房建筑面积达到900,000,000，至 1,000,000,000平方米。尽管住房增长速度如此之快，房屋的隔热和保温措施却没有得到加强，以致能量消耗巨大。中国农村居民住房的能耗量是发达国家的3~5倍，因此对这类用房采取有效节能措施已势在必行并迫在眉睫。
住房节能设计的最佳方案取决于两个方面：隔热和保温。因为我国南方地区夏季高温且没有取暖设施，因此该地住房设计的通风、隔热和避免夏季用电高峰的情况应得到改观。同时北方地区的保温和防止热量流失也应得到加强.
三、影响农村住房能耗的因素
1、太阳辐射
太阳辐射是热量来源所在，我们得到这种热量的多少取决于地球的自转所引起的白天和夜晚的更替，以及地球公转和我们所住地的纬度所带来的季节变迁因素。
2、风力
这个因素包括风向和风力强度。实际设计中我们应主要考虑所设计住房周围是否具备能削弱风力的大树、建筑物或山丘。
3、热传导率
影响该参数的主要因素包括屋顶及墙壁的厚度，门窗面积，及对太阳辐射的吸收和反射程度，以及建筑材料的热传导性能。
4、遮阳系数
这个参数主要影响因素有住房周围的大树，及外墙和屋顶的植被覆盖情况，这些因素同等地影响对太阳辐射的吸收及对风力的削弱。
5、制热和制冷设备
这包括很多种类，如降温用的电风扇，通风机，空调，燃气炉，加热砖床，加热墙壁，等等。
最优设计方案探讨
3.1房屋朝向
因为冬季来自西伯利亚和蒙古高原的寒流经常侵入我国，而在夏季内陆地区存在高强度的太阳辐射，所以中国的气候呈现冬冷夏热的特征。通常在决定住房地点和朝向的时候，我们主要考虑的是当地地形条件，日照时间，全年主流风向，太阳辐射强度。通常中国北方的住房方位应避免冬季主流风向并避免寒潮，而南方地区则应迎向夏季主流风向以增强室内空气流通，以及避免西晒。
3.2节能外墙的设计
这包括外墙和屋顶的节能措施。这其中，外墙的节能设计包括选择最佳的构造系数和应用保温建筑材料。
构造系数，作为常用的控制建筑节能的配额量，是指暴露在外界气候中的外露面积和其营造的室内空间的比率。建筑物外露面积越大，浪费能量的面积就越大。所以构造系数越大，能量浪费就越大。
1）根据地形条件选择合适的建筑平面形状（见表1）；
2）增加楼层数可以降低构造系数；
3）将住房单元并靠同样可以降低构造系数，因为增加一个住房单元，将节约一面山形墙而因此减少了外露面积。
表1 ：不同建筑形状的构造系数
| 参量 | 三角形 | 正方形 | 长宽比例1：2的长方形 | 圆形 |
| 底侧数量 | 3 | 4 | 4 | ∞ |
| 标准面积率 | 0.77 | 1 | 0.89 | 1.27 |
| 体积系数 | 0.39 | 0.5 | 0.45 | 0.64 |
| 构造系数 | 5.13 | 4 | 4.44 | 3.13 |
谈及建筑材料，中国农村居民住房传统上使用的是240mm 或 360mm实心砖。尽管这样做可以节省初投资，但是会严重破坏耕地，并消耗更多的煤。根据相关数据，平均来说，做1亿实心砖要消耗150英亩农田和7，850吨煤。另一方面，以实心砖作外墙，其热阻系数比其他材料要低（见表2）。通常来说，空心砖或多孔空心砖能用在富粘土地区，而交通便捷地区可以选择190mm 或240mm双孔水泥砖或240mm三孔水泥砖。
表2：常用砖热传导系数
| 外墙类型 | 外墙厚度（mm） | 热传导系数 （w/m2.k） | 热阻系数 （m2.k / w） |
| 实心粘土砖 | 240 | 2.05 | 0.49 |
| 空心粘土砖 | 240 | 1.57 | 0.67 |
| 粘土砖 | 240 | 1.57 | 0.64 |
| 单排孔混凝土砖 | 190 | 2.14 | 0.467 |
| 双排孔混凝土砖 | 190 | 1.309 | 0.764 |
| 单排孔混凝土砖 | 240 | 2.44 | 0.641 |
| 三排孔混凝土砖 | 240 | 1.26 | 0.792 |
住房屋顶的设计可以采取传统的拱形屋顶。如果在拱形屋顶上敷设瓦片，这种设计将经济实惠，并方便维护，同时具备优秀的绝热功能。如果采用这种屋顶，还将增加房屋表面的承压性能以及排雨水能力。同时，我们还能在屋顶添置植被以增强屋顶的绝热性能。这意味着在屋顶种植物，这样能遮挡阳光，吸收这些热能来进行光合作用、蒸腾作用和呼吸作用。这些植物把太阳辐射热能转换为生物能和有益大气成分。
3.3设计节能门窗
门窗的节能设计是我们住房设计的最薄弱环节。通过门窗的热量或冷量损失严重。为了阻止能量流失和增加室内光亮，门窗的开启位置及面积应当设计合理。因此，住房节能的优化设计的关键点在于怎样增强门窗的绝热功用。
门窗的节能设计取决于这些因素，如住房所处纬度，当地冬夏日照强度，房间采光情况，以及房屋间的阳光遮挡性状。
在中国北方，冬季寒冷多风，大量热量从门窗流失，相当于房屋总的热量流失量的25%~30%。另一方面是通风量，它随着热传导率和门窗气密性能的增强而增大。可以采取以下措施：1）降低热传导率，并为门窗设计合适规格、位置和形状。没必要制作过大面积的门窗，只要它们能保证足够的采光和舒适度即可。它们最好是朝南方向。而不是朝北。最好是采用带窗帘的双层窗户或双层玻璃窗户，门也带门帘以减少热量损失。而门窗的材料可以选择木质结构，因为木头的热阻较小。可行的话也可采用塑胶或橡胶框架。2）增加门窗气密性。通过门窗缝隙损失的热量占全部热量损失的40%~60%。通常，在门窗周围缝隙处塞纸张是简单可行的办法。
在南方，夏季太阳辐射热量通过门窗进入房间。所以节能方面要强调合理利用门窗来降低或带走室内热量，并提供凉空气。这主要在于利用自然风和设置不同的遮阳设备。对于前者，我们可以采取下列措施：1）窗户的位置和方向设计合理以朝向夏季主流风向，并设法减少或去除阻碍气流的障碍物；2）合理布置门窗以使空气对流，形成气流并形成短而直接的风力通道。遮阳设备包括所有种类的室内窗帘和室外设备。窗帘可以由布料、竹片或芦苇。也可以是石棉板，轻质混凝土，或芦苇垫，竹质窗帘，和席子等等。
3.4绿化设计
如果工程地点有攀附性植物，例如中国常青藤，中国喇叭花藤，或波士顿常青藤在房屋东部，南部或西部墙壁上，通过墙壁的得热量就会降低并且绝热功能加强，另外绿化还有美化环境及纯净空气的作用。
同时我们还可以在住房周围栽种树木，果树和常青树可以混合栽种。果树可以遮风挡雨，收获水果。但是一到冬天大多数果树的树叶都会凋落。栽种常青树更为合理。
3.5室内设计和装饰
尽量将卧室布置在南边，厨房、厕所及储藏室布置在北边，并且将厕所下水道连到沼气池。
在屋内，人们使用和触摸最多的是室内装饰物和家具。所以室内装修应该节能、天然、合理和人性化。不必要的装饰尽量省略以节省室内理性空间，并且色彩对我们的情绪，健康及去除疲劳是非常重要的。为了提高室内舒适度并减少设备负荷以减少能耗，可以选择天然色彩。同时，舒适的室内空间能够告别室内外隔绝的孤独感，也能满足气候造成的心理需求。一般来说，在墙壁上悬挂我们最喜爱的书法和图画可以提高我们的审美情趣并减少疲劳感。
3.6发展利用沼气
据统计，农村住房制热设备如散热墙壁，热炕的热效率仅仅只达到15%-20%，主要燃料仅仅是煤和木柴。这些燃料的燃烧会放出硫、氮氧化物，此类释放物会对人体健康造成威胁，并使环境酸化。并且它们释放的灰尘和灰烬将影响农作物的生长并使空气不新鲜。在农村地区采取有力措施来开发新能源并减少燃烧木材和煤的利用以进行资源保护是迫在眉睫的。更重要的是，农村地区有大量的家畜粪便。人畜粪便可以收集到沼气池中产生沼气。所以能量能得到充分利用，并使粪便的肥效得到加强。同时沼气是比煤和木材更清洁的能源，利用起来也更为方便。
3.7利用地下水
如果条件允许，尽量在日常生活中使用地下水。因为地下水来自地下，其温度全年维持在12~20℃左右，在大气温度发生夏季酷热冬季严寒的巨大变化的同时，地下水温在冬夏两季却没有明显区别。就因为这个特征，开采地下水将节约大量能量。更值得一提的是，地下水比自来水更清洁并含有人体所需的微量元素。
本研究课题将摒弃以往的控制方案，以模型辨识、随动控制系统理论、智能控制系统理论为基础，与中央空调主机制冷技术与冷媒循环系统控制相结合，以变频技术为辅助手段，实现中央空调全系统的整体协调运行和综合性能优化。本研究是空调节能的新理念，代表了节能技术的新的发展趋势。
1)循环系统节能：以系统的角度，通过对末端负荷参数、中央空调主机、辅机的运行工况变化，采集温度、压力等多种变化参数，然后通过负荷随动计算，改变系统冷冻水流量，冷却水流量和冷却塔风机风量来适应空调负荷的变化，同时使主机运行工况始终处于优化的最佳工作点上。对冷冻水系统采用最佳输出能量控制。当环境温度、空调末端负荷发生变化时，各路冷冻水供回水温度、温差、压差和流量亦随之变化，流量计、压差传感器和温度传感器将检测到的这些参数送至智能控制器，控制器依据所采集的实时数据及系统的历史运行数据，实时计算出末端空调负荷所需的制冷量，以及各路冷冻水供回水温度、温差、压差和流量的最佳值，并以此调节各变频器输出频率，控制冷冻水泵的转速，改变其流量使冷冻水系统的供回水温度、温差、压差和流量运行在控制器给出的最优值。由于冷冻水系统采用了输出能量的动态控制，实现空调主机冷媒流量跟随末端负荷的需求供应，使空调系统在各种负荷情况下，都能既保证末端用户的舒适性，又最大限度地节省了系统的能量消耗。冷却水系统采用最佳热转换效率控制。冷却水及冷却塔风机系统采用最佳转换效率控制。当环境温度、空调末端负荷发生变化时，中央空调主机的负荷率将随之变化，主机冷凝器的最佳热转换温度也随之变化。智能控制器依据所采集的实时数据及系统的历史运行数据，计算出主机冷凝器的最佳热转换温度（拐点温度）及冷却水最佳出、入口温度，并以此调节冷却水泵和冷却塔风机变频器的输出频率，控制冷却水泵和冷却塔风机转速，动态调节冷却水的流量和冷却塔风机的风量，使冷却水的进、出口温度逼近智能控制器给出的最优值，从而保证中央空调主机随时处于最佳转换效率状态下运行。
由于冷却水系统采用最佳转换效率控制，保证了中央空调主机在满负荷和部份负荷的情况下，均处于最佳工作状态，始终保持最佳的能源利用率（即COP 值），从而降低了空调主机的能量消耗，同时因冷却水泵和冷却塔风机经常在低于额定负荷下运行，也最大限度地节约了冷却水泵和冷却塔风机的能量消耗。
2)辅机节能：各种泵类（冷冻泵、冷水泵、风机等）的运行节能。采用带有空间矢量控制的变频调速方式，将定量泵改为变量泵。辅机节能不少于40％。
3)优化辅机运行模式:一般在满负荷时泵机需全速运行,没有节能空间,但采用冗余技术与变频技术相结合，定量泵与变量泵相配合，优化运行模式，可使辅机机组综合节能。
4)多参量非线性控制：本系统为多参量、时变、非线性系统，以计算机为控制手段，设计一套具有自寻优自适应的智能控制、功能完善的稳定安全的控制系统。
本中央空调动态负荷跟踪节能控制系统，与中央空调系统配套使用，可实现中央空调系统的高效节能，效果显著。经理论计算，与恒流量中央空调系统相比，全年平均节电率可达20%-30%。该项目技术含量高，是集暖通空调技术、制冷技术、智能控制理论和计算机控制技术为一体的中央空调高效节能系统。
4．系统特色
1）全闭环：将中央空调的主机、辅机、循环系统等作为整体构成节能控制系统，寻求一种最佳的控制规律，使中央空调主机、冷媒流量系统都随负荷Q的变化而变化，旨在满足空调区舒适性所需负荷Q前提下，实现整个系统最大程度的节能。2）运行更稳定、安全：优化了主机运行模式，可解决主机的启停问题，减少冲击电流，降低电网需求容量；采用软启停和低频运行水泵、风机，避免启停冲击电网和减轻设备机械磨损，延长设备使用寿命。
3）远程控制：通过远程通讯接口与计算机连接，实现远程控制，运行状态可视化。
4）系统适应性强：本节电系统可与新装中央空调系统或与旧装中央空调系统配套使用，不改变原系统的安装，系统接口简单，节电系统的加载与卸载切换方便，无冲击。本系统占地面积小，整个系统运行无需看护、低噪声、无异味；节能高、环保好；不产生有害物质，对环境没有不良影响。
四、结论
我们应该因地制宜的采取相关措施，并学习节能设计，在详细了解并校对技术可行之后，我们可以找到最佳节能方案并建造经济舒适的节能住房。
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