钢结构住宅可行性分析 外文翻译

外文翻译

Feasibility Analysis of Residential Steel

Residential Steel feasibility analysis of domestic steel starting late, large-scale research and development, design and manufacture. Residential construction or installation of steel nearly 23 before developing. Currently in Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong Laiwu, and the Ma a n Shan in Anhui, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen to carry out low-rise, and multi-storey high-residential pilot project has been completed more than 30 million square meters, Recently, metal structure thinking Cyberspace Ltd. will build 120,000 square meters of apartments 23,000 workers, Architectural Design Institute in Tianjin Tangshan designed for 100,000 square meters of residential steel, All these show the steel residential development momentum is good.

1.Steel residential system 

 Steel residential system different from the traditional system of residential housing system is the main content of the main body steel structure system, the external wall and the interior wall and floor system body system. Steel Steel System .

Steel system

system with a variety of patterns, But the main residential application can be divided into steel frame, steel braced frame system, the framework of steel-reinforced concrete shear wall system. Staggered truss system, the largest structure plus sub-structure system. From the components form can be divided into sections : Hot H-section, welded H-shaped, welded box-shaped cross section, Cold-side irrigation pipe within the concrete, cold C-section, round steel tube irrigation concrete. Steel fire protection measures available fire paint, fire plate outsourcing, such as fire-resistant steel.

1.2 envelope system

external envelope system used for the main structure of the wall type, such as lightweight concrete panels, board space, cement particleboard, the sandwich board. Interior use lightweight concrete panels, gypsum board, cement particle board, straw board.

1.3 floor slab structure system

floor slab structure of the main types : pressure plate with cast-in-place concrete slab, Light precast concrete panels, and so on. Steel Selection, or to use Q235 Q345 strength steel grades, and should be based on the use of the environment and processing conditions different quality grades of steel.

 2. Steel in residential application advantages

Steel in residential application advantages steel residential Compared with the traditional structure, functions, design, and the overall economic construction has advantages, mainly manifested in the following aspects.

 2.1 Design of the manufacturing cycle 

Design of the manufacturing cycle short. production design integration modern structural design using computers and specialized software for structural analysis, make significantly shorten design cycle, design changes and adjustments easily. Meanwhile, prefabricated steel factory with, the characteristics of on-site installation, will be the initial design and on-site means of production integration, network computers and NC machine tools integration enable design studio in which to complete the design, that is, from factory production lines producing the finished product. with high efficiency and precision, we can greatly reduce project cycle.

2.2 to be a reasonable interval functional layout of the residential building

architects and residents have been hoping to have a large span without the vertical structure of the space, which can be based on the demand for flexible partition, indoor layout is diversification. Traditional residential use because the nature of the material, limiting the freedom of space layout. If the room is too large, it will cause a large slab thickness, the pillars section is too large, not only indoor appearance, but increase the weight of the structure, increase investment in civil engineering. Residents often secondary interior wall to change settings, the only increase the economic burden, damage because of the increased load-bearing walls dangerous hidden dangers. Residential Steel can use high strength steel to the characteristics of using a large net-room layout, construction plane separated flexible, Architects not only for the design of room for maneuver, but also provides users with different uses under the structure may change. Non-load-bearing walls can separate body flexible interior space, the open apartment. Meanwhile, the steel connecting simple characteristics in the vertical plane than the traditional structure better able to use staggered, the thermocline structure. Due to the residential steel beam is small, it can increase the use of the area, the increase in the rate.

2.3 the largest steel capacity,the seismic performance

superior seismic performance of the same load, the smallest cross-section steel, the same section, the largest steel capacity. In earthquake-proof, reinforced concrete structure has many shortcomings, steel and light weight, a six-storey residential metal weight equivalent to only four masonry structure of the weight, therefore, the earthquake itself suffered a small role; Moreover, steel with high ductility, better energy, and thus, the seismic performance and high degree of safety.

2.4 Construction prominent advantages

Construction prominent advantages of the need for cast-in-place concrete construction, in China's northern areas of the construction season. Most of the steel components produced in factories and transported to the scene by bolts or welding overall assembly, capable of all-weather operation. Construction of a small amount of on-site operations, reduce the temporary construction sites, compared with the traditional building materials, environmental pollution to the surrounding small, Construction increased level of mechanization. As the steel itself as a strong commitment structural load on the structure and construction load, can save Construction Formwork, demolding materials, which reduce costs, greatly accelerate the pace of construction. Value for money in construction fully reflected the reduced cost of funds, the developers of the sale and funds recovered extremely beneficial.

 2.5 low-cost

low-cost integrated steel high-capacity, the realization of structural layout of the room, the small cross-section of members, and the structure and concrete masonry structure, the relatively light forces, the foundation of the treatment is relatively easy to use natural foundation pattern. As the basis for the project occupies a proportion of cost comparison, the upper structure of light weight can reduce the cost base, thereby reducing overall project investment. Steel construction features high mechanization, on the other hand reduce the labor costs and templates, and other support materials costs.

Steel residential project cost is a very sensitive issue from the current situation, Steel residential slightly higher than the cost of reinforced concrete shear wall residential. Some experts calculate that small steel for high-rise residential steel quantity can be controlled in 50 kilograms per square meter below project cost increase can be controlled at about 10%, but the benefits are substantial. and to promote domestic production and management changes, which drove the development of domestic industries. With the system, the industrialization of raising the level of cost performance will improve, costs will be somewhat reduced.

2.6  meeting the housing industry and consistenting with the requirements of sustainable development.

 meet the housing industry and the sustainable development of steel suitable for large-scale production, industrialization, high degree of commercialization. It will be energy - and water-proof, thermal insulation, windows and other advanced product get together to achieve integrated suite of applications, will design, production, Installation of integration, improve the industrialization of residential level. As the urban development, urban transformation that needs to demolish a large number of old buildings, than the traditional steel structures removed more easily implemented, the high utilization rate of steel recycling, removal of low cost, less pollution. consistent with the requirements of sustainable development.

3. My basic situation of construction steel

My basic situation of construction steel in recent years, with urban development and the increase in high-rise buildings. China Steel has developed very quickly and steel structure as a residential green building, Construction has been listed as a key promotional projects. Especially in large and medium-sized cities in China, a large number of people, land, fewer resources, and people on the residential density, green spaces and other environmental increasingly high demands of the larger scope of application of steel residential, China's productive forces developed to a certain stage of the natural product.

1985 in the construction of the Jinshajiang Shanghai Hotel, is the first one of its own design and the use of domestic H-beam material manufacture and installation of high-level steel construction. In 1996, Shenzhen has built a 325-meter height of the imperial buildings, is the first one super-tall steel buildings. In March 2002, a level as high as 18. Using H-beam steel construction of residential buildings in Ma'anshan City in Anhui province to start construction. It is our domestic industry from the dawn of steel reinforced concrete model of the important signs. Shanghai also has six steel high-rise residential building, and ultimately they will be built to 100 meters, the 34-storey, This is the first time in China. Beijing also launched a residential steel structure, located in Chaoyang District Shilipu dawn homes in Area B, the use of H-beam steel, and steel. September 2002 opening of the Beijing Jin Chen apartment, filled a system of high-rise residential construction steel blank. , It also shows that China's domestic development and construction has entered a new era of domestic steel system.

 5. The development of the future of steel residential housing

steel residential housing industry development prospects of China's housing industry is the only way to development, because it will become the economic development of our country a new growth point. Steel residential system easy to realize industrialization and standardization of production, and to go along with the wall material can be used in energy conservation, environmental protection of new material, it is green architecture. repeated use of renewable, sustainable development strategies, Therefore steel residential system sets of research results will greatly promote the domestic industry's rapid development, a direct impact on the housing industry and the level of development of the future.         

Machinery  particularly information is the development of iron and steel enterprises. Steel residential development will be driven residential construction industry innovation. If the reinforced concrete structure of the development of the handicraft industry from entering the construction of mechanization, Then on the steel structure of the residential construction will realize modernization. "Steel is green residential steel with the concept of sustainable development." Some experts predicted : three years steel residential building will become a modern development of the important signs. 21st century steel of the occupying vast construction market. 

钢结构住宅可行性分析

我国钢结构住宅起步很晚，大规模研究开发、设计制造、施工安装钢结构住宅还是近二三年才发展起来。目前在北京、天津、山东莱芜、安徽马鞍山、上海、广卅和深圳等地开展低层、多层和高层钢结构住宅试点工程，已经建成30多万平方米，最近北京赛博思金属结构有限公司将建造12万平米外企职工公寓，天津市建筑设计院为唐山设计了10万平米的钢结构住宅，这些都说明了钢结构住宅发展势头良好。                 

1.钢结构住宅体系
　　钢结构住宅体系区别于传统体系住宅的内容主要是指主体钢结构体系、外围护墙和内隔墙体体系以及楼板体系。                 
1.1钢结构体系
　　钢结构体系的型式有多种，但应用于住宅的主要可分为钢框架体系、钢支撑框架体系、钢框架-混凝土剪力墙体系、错层桁架体系、巨型结构加子结构体系等。从构件的截面形式上可分为：热轧H型截面、焊接H型截面、焊接箱形截面、冷弯薄壁方钢管内灌混凝土、冷弯C型截面、圆钢管内灌混凝土等。钢结构的防火措施可采用防火喷漆、防火板外包、耐火钢等。                 
1.2围护结构体系
　　外围护结构主要采用墙板的型式，如轻混凝土板、太空板、水泥刨花板、夹心板等。内墙采用轻混凝土板、石膏板、水泥刨花板、稻草板等。
1.3楼板结构体系
　　楼板的主要型式有：压型钢板与现浇混凝土组合楼板、预制轻混凝土板等。钢结构选材上，宜采用Q235或Q345强度级别钢，并应根据使用环境和加工条件选择不同质量等级的钢。
2.钢结构在住宅中应用的优势
　　钢结构住宅与传统结构相比,在使用功能、设计、施工以及综合经济方面具有优势,主要体现在以下方面。
2.1设计制造周期短,设计生产一体化
　　现代结构设计借助于计算机和专业化结构分析软件,使得设计周期大大缩短,设计中的修改和调整非常方便。同时,由于钢结构具有工厂预制、现场安装的特点,可以将前期设计和现场的生产手段相结合,通过网络计算机和数控机床结合,使设计人员在工作室中完成设计后,即由工厂的生产线完成产品制作,具有极高的效率和精确度,可以大大减少项目建设周期。
2.2能够合理布置功能区间
　　在居住建筑中,建筑师和居民一直希望能够有大跨的无竖向结构的空间,这样,可以根据需求进行灵活隔断,使室内布置呈多样化。传统住宅由于所用材料的性质,限制了空间布置的自由。如果开间过大,就会造成楼板厚度大,梁柱截面过大,不但影响室内美观,而且加大结构重量,增加土建投资。居民在二次装修时经常自行改变墙体布置,既增加了经济负担,又因破坏承重墙而增加了危险隐患。钢结构住宅可以利用钢材强度高的特点,采用大开间柱网布置,使建筑平面分隔灵活,既为建筑师提供了设计的回旋余地,又给用户提供了根据不同用途改变结构的可能,可以利用非承重墙体灵活分隔室内空间,形成开放式住宅。同时,利用钢结构连接简单的特点,在垂直平面内比传统结构能更好地应用错层、跃层结构。由于钢结构住宅的构件截面尺寸小,可以增加使用面积,提高得房率。
2.3承载强度高,抗震性能优越
　　相同的荷载,钢结构截面最小，相同的截面,钢结构承载力最大。在抗震设防区,钢筋砼结构有许多不足之处,而钢结构重量轻,六层轻钢住宅的重量仅相当于四层砖混结构的重量,因此,本身所受的地震作用小;而且,钢材具有高延性,有较好的耗能能力,因此,抗震性能好,结构安全度高。
2.4施工方面优势突出
　　现浇砼需要连续施工,在我国北方地区受到施工季节的影响。钢结构的大部分构件在工厂生产,运往现场通过焊接或螺栓进行整体组装,可全天候作业。施工现场作业量小,减少了施工临时用地,与传统建筑材料相比,对周围环境污染小,提高了施工的机械化水平。由于钢结构本身可作为劲性结构承担结构荷载和施工荷载,施工时可以节省支模、拆模的材料,由此降低成本,大大加快施工速度。资金价值在施工中充分体现,减少资金成本,对开发商的销售和资金回笼极为有利。
2.5综合造价低
　　钢结构承载力高,可以实现结构的大开间布置,构件截面小,与砼结构和砖混结构相比,自重比较轻,地基的处理比较容易,可以采用天然基础型式。由于基础在工程造价中占有比重比较大,上部结构重量轻可以降低基础的造价,从而减少整个项目的投资。钢结构施工机械化高的特点,从另一方面减少了人工费用和模板等其它辅助材料费用。
　　钢结构住宅的工程造价是个很敏锐的问题，从目前的情况看，钢结构住宅的造价要略高于钢筋砼剪力墙住宅。有专家测算，小高层住宅钢结构用钢量可控制在每平方米50公斤以下，工程造价增幅即可控制在10％左右，但综合效益十分可观，并将推进住宅生产经营方式的变革，拉动住宅产业的发展。而随着体系化、产业化水平的提高，性能价格比也会提高，成本将会有所降低。
2.6符合住宅产业化和可持续发展的要求
　　钢结构适宜工厂大批量生产,工业化、商品化程度高。它能将节能、防水、隔热、门窗等先进的成品集合在一起,实现综合成套应用,将设计、生产、施工安装一体化,提高住宅的产业化水平。今后随着城市建设的发展,城市改造需要拆除大量的旧建筑,钢结构比传统结构的拆除更容易实施,钢材回收利用率高、拆除成本低、污染较小,符合可持续发展的要求。　
3.我国钢结构建筑基本情况 
　　近年来，随着城市建设的发展和高层建筑的增多，我国钢结构发展十分迅速，钢结构住宅作为一种绿色环保建筑，已被建设部列为重点推广项目。特别是在我国大中城市中，人多、土地资源少，而人们对住宅密度、环境绿地等要求越来越高的情况下，较大范围应用钢结构住宅，是我国生产力发展到一定阶段的必然产物。 
1985年在上海建造的金沙江大酒店，是第一幢自己设计并使用国产H型钢材料制造和安装的高层钢结构建筑。1996年，深圳建成了高度325米的帝王大厦，是国内第一幢超高层钢结构大厦。2002年3月，一座高达18层、采用H型钢建造的钢结构住宅楼在安徽省马鞍山市动工建设。它是我国住宅产业从钢筋混凝土跨进钢结构模式的重要标志。上海同时有6幢钢结构高层住宅在建设，最终他们将建到100米、34层，这在国内还是首次。北京住宅也启用了钢结构，位于朝阳区十里堡的晨光家园B区，全部采用H型钢钢梁、钢柱。2002年9月开盘的北京金宸公寓，填补了国内高层住宅钢结构体系建筑的空白。同时，也标志着我国住宅的开发和建设已步入了全新的住宅钢结构体系时代。 
5钢结构住宅发展前景 
　　住宅产业化是我国住宅业发展的必由之路，因为这将成为推动我国经济发展新的增长点。钢结构住宅体系易于实现工业化生产，标准化制作，而与之相配套的墙体材料可以采用节能、环保的新型材料，它属绿色环保性建筑，可再生重复利用，符合可持续发展的战略，因此钢结构体系住宅成套技术的研究成果必将大大促进住宅产业化的快速发展，直接影响着我国住宅产业的发展水平和前途。 
　　目前，国内的建筑业生产效率较低，尚属劳动密集型产业，而钢结构住宅属于高技术高效率的产业，加快对钢结构住宅的研究，将促进建筑业向技术密集型产业转化，并将带动建材、冶金、信息机械尤其是钢铁企业的发展。钢结构住宅的发展将带动住宅施工行业的革新。如果说钢筋混凝土结构的发展使施工从手工业进入了机械化，那么钢结构的应用就将使住宅施工实现现代化。“钢结构是环保住宅，钢结构符合可持续发展概念”。有专家预言：3年内钢结构住宅将成为建筑现代化发展的一个重要标志。21世纪钢结构将占领广阔的建筑市场。