Day 4 CCNA OSI Modle ( Retreated from Youtube )

4.Transport layer 

It breaks up data between into smaller parts as complete data can't be send over the network as a single unit.

So, it has to be converted/divided into many smaller units (called Data Units)before transmission at sending side, which are then re-assembled at receiving side.

     - This whole process is known as Segmentation & these smaller untis are known as Segments at transport later.

It establishes end-to-end connectivity using port numbers !

Ensure reliable data delivery via error detection & re-transmission (using TCP)

Protocols Used ：（TCP/UDP）

  - TCP is used for relieble communication (by TCP 3-way handshaking process)

                -e.g. SMTP, FTP

 - UDP is used for unreliable communications 

                -e.g. Phone calls, Video calls

Port numbers : Range - 0 to 65535

0 to 1023 - well known port numbers 

1024 to 64511 - used fir general client server sessions 

64512 to 65535 - private or dedicated port numbers

Socket - IP address + Port Numbers

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5.Network Layer 

It provides connectivity & path selection

 - Routing (Packet Switching)

Defines logical addressing 

- IPv4 

- IPv6

Devices & Protocoal at this layer:
-  Router 

- IPv4 , IPv6 ,  ICMP

Note :
Type : IFCONFIG in your CMD and see the IP address details !

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6.Data Link Layer 

It completes the Final Formatting of the data before actully sending it over the physical links.

Defines Physical Addressing:

- Mac addressing 

Controls Error Detection:

  Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

Devices & Protocaols at L2 :

-Switches, Bridges, Wireless Access Points, Ethernet, PPP

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7.Phisical Layer 

It defines physical media properties:
- electrical/ optical functions

- Phsical data rates 

- Physicial connectors

- Cable distances

- Optical wavelengths

- Wireless frequencies

Devices & Protocols :

 - Hubs, Repeaters, CAT cables, Fiber Optics etc.

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WHY USE LAYERED ARCHITECTURE?

Devices only need to be aware of their own layer:

- Web-servers don;t care if the requests are coming from wired cables or wireless frequencies

- Switches don;t care if they are sending either IPv4 or IPV6 as they have nothing to do with it 

Allows inter-operability between devices & vendors:

- Google chrome can freely talk to Apache server as they both agree on HTML standards 

- HUAWEI Ethernet switch can talk to D-Link Ethenet switch as they agree on Ethenet standards

- Cisco router can connect to Juniper router as they agree on Ip routing standards

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ENCAPSULATION & DE-CAPSULATION 

It is the process of 

- Breaking a large amount of data into smaller pleces

- Adding informamtion of each layer in the forms of headers & traillers

- Creating a Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

So, basiically PDU is the resulting data that eachj layer creates 

- Header is added at the start of data

- Trailer is added at the end of data

Note: DATA LINK LAYER IS THE ONLY LAYER THAT UESES TRAILER AS WELL AS HEADER!

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Encapsulation:

- Process of addding data formatting on the sending host to creat a PDU

- It occurs when data moves down the OSI stack I.E.7>6>5

- Data is passed to the layer below

- The process repeats until the pyhsical layer is reached 

De-Capsulation:

- Process of removing data formatting on the Receiving host to retrieve information from a PDU

- It occurs when data moves up OSI stack i.e. 1>2>3 and so on 

- Each layer removes its own header/trailer 

- Data is then passed up to the layer above 

- Process repeats until application is reached

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Where is OSI HELPFUL IN REAL LIFE 

When troubleshooting a network problem we often go up the OSI model:

I.E.

Pyhsical - network cable plugged in?

Data Link - have a link light ?

Network - get an IP?

Transport - ping your default gateway?

Session - DNS sever info ?

              - Ping 8.8.8.8 but not google.com ?

Presentation & Application - Can you browse a website ？