Spring访问数据库之使用JPA

JPA就是JavaEE的一个ORM标准，它的实现其实和Hibernate没啥本质区别，但是用户如果使用JPA，那么引用的就是javax.persistence这个“标准”包

步骤1：引入依赖
org.springframework:spring-context:5.2.0.RELEASE
org.springframework:spring-orm:5.2.0.RELEASE
javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.3.2
org.hibernate:hibernate-core:5.4.2.Final
com.zaxxer:HikariCP:3.4.2
org.hsqldb:hsqldb:2.5.0

步骤2：创建Bean

@Bean
LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean createEntityManagerFactory(@Autowired DataSource dataSource) {
    var entityManagerFactoryBean = new LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean();
    // 设置DataSource:
    entityManagerFactoryBean.setDataSource(dataSource);
    // 扫描指定的package获取所有entity class:
    entityManagerFactoryBean.setPackagesToScan("com.itranswarp.learnjava.entity");
    // 指定JPA的提供商是Hibernate:
    JpaVendorAdapter vendorAdapter = new HibernateJpaVendorAdapter();
    entityManagerFactoryBean.setJpaVendorAdapter(vendorAdapter);
    // 设定特定提供商自己的配置:
    var props = new Properties();
    props.setProperty("hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto", "update");
    props.setProperty("hibernate.dialect", "org.hibernate.dialect.HSQLDialect");
    props.setProperty("hibernate.show_sql", "true");
    entityManagerFactoryBean.setJpaProperties(props);
    return entityManagerFactoryBean;
}

@Bean
PlatformTransactionManager createTxManager(@Autowired EntityManagerFactory entityManagerFactory) {
    return new JpaTransactionManager(entityManagerFactory);
}

步骤3：添加注解 @PersistenceContext，和创建 EntityManager em

@Component
@Transactional
public class UserService {
    @PersistenceContext
    EntityManager em;
}

步骤4查询：SELECT * FROM user WHERE email = ?

使用Criteria查询的代码如下：

public User fetchUserByEmail(String email) {
    // CriteriaBuilder:
    var cb = em.getCriteriaBuilder();
    CriteriaQuery<User> q = cb.createQuery(User.class);
    Root<User> r = q.from(User.class);
    q.where(cb.equal(r.get("email"), cb.parameter(String.class, "e")));
    TypedQuery<User> query = em.createQuery(q);
    // 绑定参数:
    query.setParameter("e", email);
    // 执行查询:
    List<User> list = query.getResultList();
    return list.isEmpty() ? null : list.get(0);

建议写JPQL查询，它的语法和HQL基本差不多：

public User getUserByEmail(String email) {
    // JPQL查询:
    TypedQuery<User> query = em.createQuery("SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.email = :e", User.class);
    query.setParameter("e", email);
    List<User> list = query.getResultList();
    if (list.isEmpty()) {
        throw new RuntimeException("User not found by email.");
    }