动态路由-OSPF

动态路由-OSPF


作者:行癫

OSPF 开放式路由优先

链路状态路由协议,是一种基于链路状态的内部网关路由协议。

OSPF 特点

域内天然无环

收敛速度快

扩展性好:无限制支持网络规模,适用于中型和大型企业网络

支持认证,支持VLSM,CIDR和路由聚合

OSPF 原理

​ 每台运行OSPF的设备互相交互LSA(链路状态通告)形成统一LSDB(链路状态数据库:存放LSA),基于LSDB执行SPF(最短路径优先算法)算法得出达到每个网络的最短路径树,通过最短路径树,得出最优路由,加入路由表。

OSPF 报文

直接封装在IP头部,协议号为89 ,传递过程不可靠

Hello报文:用于建立和维护邻居,在BMA(广播)和NBMA(非广播)网络中选举DR和BDR

DD(Database Description)报文:数据库描述报文:用于描述LSDB,选举主从关系

LSR(LSA Request)报文:链路状态通告请求报文: 用于请求

LSU(LSA Update)报文:链路状态通告更新报文:用于更新LSA

LSACK报文:链路状态确认报文:用于确认LSU

邻居状态机

作用:用于描述OSPF的工作流程

Down:表示没有从邻居收到任何的HELLO报文

Init:从邻居收到Hello报文,但并没有从Hello的邻居列表中看到自己的Router-ID(路由器标识)

2-Way:从邻居收到Hello报文,并且从Hello报文中看到自己的Router-ID,标志着邻居关系建立完成,并在该状态下为BMA和NBMA网络选举DR和BDR

ExStart:该状态下交互空的DD报文,选举主从关系

Exchange:在改状态下,交互带有真事内容的DD报文

Loading:在改状态下交互LSA,LSU,LSACK

Full:LSDB同步完成邻接关系建立完毕

注意:

邻居:两台互连的路由器称为邻居。

邻接:在邻居关系之上发展出来的关系。

Router-ID路由器标识:结构IP地址一样,但是IP地址和Router-ID没有任何关系,必须唯一,作用:用于在网络中唯一的标识一台设备。

OSPF邻居发现 :

在这里插入图片描述

Hello报文格式:保障属于同一网络,要求双方的Hello间隔和Dead间隔保持一直

Network Mask :网络掩码

Hello Interval :Hello间隔 Hello 默认10s每次

Options:选项

Router Priority:路由器优先级(0-255),默认值为1:用于在BMA和NBMA中选举DR和BDR

Router Dead Interval :路由器死亡间隔,取值默认40,为Hello间隔的4倍。4次没有收到Hello则邻居死亡。

DR:指定路由器:用于减少邻接关系数量,避免重复的LSA,减少了LAS的数量,在2way状态下选举,根据路由器的优先级越大越优先,优先级一样比较RouterID比较越大越优先。优先级为0不参与DR的竞选。DR有不可抢占性。

BDR:备份指定路由器:作为DR设备的备份。

LSA链路状态通告:既能传递路由信息还能传递拓扑信息 30分钟更新一次 1800s

DD报文:数据库描述报文(相当于目录)减少LAS 交互的数量,模拟TCP传递方式

OSPF区域:OSPF 支持区域化设计 区域0为骨干区域

注意:DR的选举原则

1.优先级为0的不参与选举;

2.优先级高的路由器为DR;

3.优先级相同时,以router ID 大为DR;

OSPF企业级单区域部署

在这里插入图片描述

要求:

1.全程使用OSPF单区域部署

2.Client处使用DHCP自动获取IP地址

一:基础部署

分别给路由器设置IP地址

R1(Client)<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.1.1 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.100.1 24
R2:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]int g0/0/1	
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.100.2 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.111.1 24
R3:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.111.2 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.222.1 24
R4:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.222.2 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.233.1 24
R5:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.233.2 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.200.1 24
R6(Server):
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.200.2 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.2.1 24

二:OSPF部署

所有路由器部署OSPF

R1:
[Huawei]ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1  //开启OSPF进程并且指定RID
[Huawei-ospf-1]area 0   //进入区域0
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255  //宣告直连网段,反掩码
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.255
[Huawei]dhcp enable 
Info: The operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment.done.
[Huawei]ip pool xingdian
Info: It's successful to create an IP address pool.
[Huawei-ip-pool-xingdian]network 192.168.1.0 mask 24
[Huawei-ip-pool-xingdian]gateway-list 192.168.1.1 
[Huawei-ip-pool-xingdian]dns-list 8.8.8.8
[Huawei-ip-pool-xingdian]int g0/0/0	
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]dhcp select global
R2:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]ospf 1 router-id 2.2.2.2	
[Huawei-ospf-1]area 0
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.255
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.111.0 0.0.0.255
R3:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]ospf 1 router-id 3.3.3.3	
[Huawei-ospf-1]area 0
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.111.0 0.0.0.255
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.222.0 0.0.0.255
R4:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]ospf 1 router-id 4.4.4.4
[Huawei-ospf-1]area 0
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]net	
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.222.0 0.0.0.255
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.233.0 0.0.0.255
R5:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]ospf 1 router-id 5.5.5.5	
[Huawei-ospf-1]area 0
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.233.0 0.0.0.255
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.200.0 0.0.0.255
R6:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]ospf 1 router-id 6.6.6.6
[Huawei-ospf-1]area 0
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255
[Huawei-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.200.0 0.0.0.255

三:验证

在这里插入图片描述

注意:

1.OSPF状态

Sep 21 2019 01:06:33-08:00 Huawei %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[0]:Neighbor changes
 event: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=1.100.168.192, 
NeighborEvent=HelloReceived, NeighborPreviousState=Down, NeighborCurrentState=In
it) 

Sep 21 2019 01:06:33-08:00 Huawei %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[1]:Neighbor changes
 event: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=1.100.168.192, 
NeighborEvent=2WayReceived, NeighborPreviousState=Init, NeighborCurrentState=2Wa
y) 

Sep 21 2019 01:06:33-08:00 Huawei %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[2]:Neighbor changes
 event: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=1.100.168.192, 
NeighborEvent=AdjOk?, NeighborPreviousState=2Way, NeighborCurrentState=ExStart) 

Sep 21 2019 01:06:33-08:00 Huawei %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[3]:Neighbor changes
 event: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=1.100.168.192, 
NeighborEvent=NegotiationDone, NeighborPreviousState=ExStart, NeighborCurrentSta
te=Exchange) 

Sep 21 2019 01:06:33-08:00 Huawei %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[4]:Neighbor changes
 event: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=1.100.168.192, 
NeighborEvent=ExchangeDone, NeighborPreviousState=Exchange, NeighborCurrentState
=Loading) 

Sep 21 2019 01:06:33-08:00 Huawei %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[5]:Neighbor changes
 event: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=1.100.168.192, 
NeighborEvent=LoadingDone, NeighborPreviousState=Loading, NeighborCurrentState=F
ull) 

2.查看路由表

[Huawei]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 15       Routes : 15       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.1.1     GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    192.168.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
  192.168.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    192.168.2.0/24  OSPF    10   6           D   192.168.100.2   GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.100.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.100.1   GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.100.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
192.168.100.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.111.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   192.168.100.2   GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.200.0/24  OSPF    10   5           D   192.168.100.2   GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.222.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   192.168.100.2   GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.233.0/24  OSPF    10   4           D   192.168.100.2   GigabitEthernet0/0/1
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

3.查看OSPF邻居表的简要信息

R1:
[Huawei]display ospf 1 peer brief 

	 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1
		  Peer Statistic Information
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Area Id          Interface                        Neighbor id      State    
 0.0.0.0          GigabitEthernet0/0/1             2.2.2.2          Full        
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 R2:
 [Huawei]display ospf 1 peer brief 

	 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 2.2.2.2
		  Peer Statistic Information
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Area Id          Interface                        Neighbor id      State    
 0.0.0.0          GigabitEthernet0/0/1             1.1.1.1          Full        
 0.0.0.0          GigabitEthernet0/0/0             3.3.3.3          Full        
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.查看OSPF邻居表的详细信息

[Huawei]display ospf 1 peer 

	 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1
		 Neighbors 

 Area 0.0.0.0 interface 192.168.100.1(GigabitEthernet0/0/1)'s neighbors
 Router ID: 2.2.2.2          Address: 192.168.100.2   
   State: Full  Mode:Nbr is  Master  Priority: 1
   DR: 192.168.100.1  BDR: 192.168.100.2  MTU: 0    
   Dead timer due in 29  sec 
   Retrans timer interval: 5 
   Neighbor is up for 00:15:10     
   Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] 

5.查看所有配置

[Huawei]display current-configuration 
[V200R003C00]
#
 snmp-agent local-engineid 800007DB03000000000000
 snmp-agent 
#
 clock timezone China-Standard-Time minus 08:00:00
#
portal local-server load portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 set cpu-usage threshold 80 restore 75
#
aaa 
 authentication-scheme default
 authorization-scheme default
 accounting-scheme default
 domain default 
 domain default_admin 
 local-user admin password cipher %$%$K8m.Nt84DZ}e#<0`8bmE3Uw}%$%$
 local-user admin service-type http
#
firewall zone Local
 priority 15
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 192.168.100.1 255.255.255.0 
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
#
interface NULL0
#
ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1 
 area 0.0.0.0 
  network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 
  network 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.255 
#
user-interface con 0
 authentication-mode password
user-interface vty 0 4
user-interface vty 16 20
#
wlan ac
#
return

interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.100.1 255.255.255.0

interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2

interface NULL0

ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1
area 0.0.0.0
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
network 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.255

user-interface con 0
authentication-mode password
user-interface vty 0 4
user-interface vty 16 20

wlan ac

return


评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值