scrapy的五大核心组件之：Downloader
Downloader下载器
作用位置：Downloader包含了从调度器调取url之后，在request请求发送之前，对这个将要发送的请求进行包装的所有步骤；包括了：网络通信/HTTP协议/服务器等一系列知识，是最复杂的一部分内容。
下载操作开始于engine的_next_request_from_scheduler，这个方法已经不止一次提到过,这次只列出关键代码:
scrapy/core/engine.py:
def _next_request_from_scheduler(self, spider):
slot = self.slot
request = slot.scheduler.next_request()
if not request:
return
d = self._download(request, spider)
调用_download方法:
def _download(self, request, spider):
slot = self.slot
slot.add_request(request)
def _on_success(response):
assert isinstance(response, (Response, Request))
if isinstance(response, Response):
response.request = request # tie request to response received
logkws = self.logformatter.crawled(request, response, spider)
logger.log(*logformatter_adapter(logkws), extra={'spider': spider})
self.signals.send_catch_log(signal=signals.response_received, \
response=response, request=request, spider=spider)
return response
def _on_complete(_):
slot.nextcall.schedule()
return _
dwld = self.downloader.fetch(request, spider)
dwld.addCallbacks(_on_success)
dwld.addBoth(_on_complete)
return dwld_download方法首先将request加入slot的inprogress集合记录正在进行的request,然后调用下载器downloader的fetch方法，给fetch返回的deferred添加一个'_on_success'方法，这样在下载完成后会打印日志并发送一个response_received消息给关心者。
在之前Crawler.crawl()创建ExecutionEngine执行引擎的时候，就已经初始化了Downloader对象。此对象在配置中定义，默认为：
我们看下这个默认的downloader是什么:
scrapy/settings/default_settings.py:
scrapy.core.downloader.Downloader我们先来看下它的构造函数，再看fetch方法的实现:
scrapy/core/downloader/__init__.py:
class Downloader(object):
def __init__(self, crawler):
self.settings = crawler.settings
self.signals = crawler.signals
self.slots = {}
self.active = set()
self.handlers = DownloadHandlers(crawler)
self.total_concurrency = self.settings.getint('CONCURRENT_REQUESTS')
self.domain_concurrency = self.settings.getint('CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN')
self.ip_concurrency = self.settings.getint('CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP')
self.randomize_delay = self.settings.getbool('RANDOMIZE_DOWNLOAD_DELAY')
self.middleware = DownloaderMiddlewareManager.from_crawler(crawler)
self._slot_gc_loop = task.LoopingCall(self._slot_gc)
self._slot_gc_loop.start(60)关键对象4个:slots,active,DownloadHandlers,middleware以及一些配置选项。先依次分析4个对象的作用：
1、Downloader：slots对象
这个slots是一个存储Slot对象的字典，key是request对应的域名，值是一个Slot对象。
Slot对象用来控制一种Request下载请求，通常这种下载请求是对于同一个域名。
这个Slot对象还控制了访问这个域名的并发度，下载延迟控制，随机延时等，主要是为了控制对一个域名的访问策略，一定程度上避免流量过大被封IP，不能继续爬取。
通过代码来详细了解:
scrapy/core/downloader/init.py#Downloader:
def _get_slot(self, request, spider):
key = self._get_slot_key(request, spider)
if key not in self.slots:
conc = self.ip_concurrency if self.ip_concurrency else self.domain_concurrency
conc, delay = _get_concurrency_delay(conc, spider, self.settings)
self.slots[key] = Slot(conc, delay, self.randomize_delay)
return key, self.slots[key]可以看到，对于一个request，先调用'_get_slot_key'获取request对应的key；看下其中的'_get_slot_key'函数，可以看到我们可以通过给request的meta中添加'download_slot'来控制request的key值，这样增加了灵活性。如果没有定制request的key,则key值来源于request要访问的域名。
另外对于request对应的域名也增加了缓存机制:urlparse_cached、dnscahe.
def _get_slot_key(self, request, spider):
if 'download_slot' in request.meta:
return request.meta['download_slot']
key = urlparse_cached(request).hostname or ''
if self.ip_concurrency:
key = dnscache.get(key, key)
return key同时也通过slots集合达到了缓存的目的，对于同一个域名的访问策略可以通过slots获取而不用每次都解析配置。
然后根据key从slots里取对应的Slot对象，如果还没有，则构造一个新的对象。
if key not in self.slots:
conc = self.ip_concurrency if self.ip_concurrency else self.domain_concurrency
conc, delay = _get_concurrency_delay(conc, spider, self.settings)
self.slots[key] = Slot(conc, delay, self.randomize_delay)
这个Slot对象有3个参数，并发度，延迟时间和随机延迟。下面分别看下3个参数的获取:
a. 并发度
我们看下这个并发度先取ip并发度控制，如果没有则取域名的并发配置。默认配置如下:
ip并发度:
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 0域名并发度:
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 8
b. 延迟:
def _get_concurrency_delay(concurrency, spider, settings):
delay = settings.getfloat('DOWNLOAD_DELAY')
if hasattr(spider, 'DOWNLOAD_DELAY'):
warnings.warn("%s.DOWNLOAD_DELAY attribute is deprecated, use %s.download_delay instead" %
(type(spider).__name__, type(spider).__name__))
delay = spider.DOWNLOAD_DELAY
if hasattr(spider, 'download_delay'):
delay = spider.download_delay
if hasattr(spider, 'max_concurrent_requests'):
concurrency = spider.max_concurrent_requests
return concurrency, delay先从配置中取'DOWNLOAD_DELAY':
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 0如果spider定义了'DOWNLOAD_DELAY'则取它，这个大写的配置已经过期，如果需要请定义小写的值.
然后取spider定义的'max_concurrent_requests'.
综上可知，并发度优先取spider定义的'max_concurrent_request'，如果未定义则取配置中的ip并发度或域名并发度。
对于延迟则优先取spider中定义的'download_delay',如果示定义则取配置中的.
c. 随机延迟
RANDOMIZE_DOWNLOAD_DELAY = True取配置中的值，是否开启随机下载延迟。如果开启的话，会给前面2中的延迟值增加一个随机性。
综上，对这个Slot对象的作用应该清楚了，就是控制一个域名的request的访问策略。
如果一个域名的request已经爬取完了，如果清除slots中的缓存呢？
后面通过task.LoopingCall安装了一个60s的定时心跳函数_slot_gc,这个函数用于对slots中的对象进行定期的回收。
垃圾回收：
def _slot_gc(self, age=60):
mintime = time() - age
for key, slot in list(self.slots.items()):
if not slot.active and slot.lastseen + slot.delay < mintime:
self.slots.pop(key).close()可以看到垃圾回收的策略:如果一个Slot对象没有正在活动的下载request,且距离上次活动的时间已经过去了60s则进行回收。
2、Downloader：active对象
active是一个活动集合，用于记录当前正在下载的request集合。
3、Downloader：DownloadHandlers对象
它是一个DownloadHandlers对象，它控制了许多handlers,对于不同的下载协议使用不同的handlers.
默认支持handlers如下:
DOWNLOAD_HANDLERS_BASE = {
'file': 'scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.file.FileDownloadHandler',
'http': 'scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http.HTTPDownloadHandler',
'https': 'scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http.HTTPDownloadHandler',
's3': 'scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.s3.S3DownloadHandler',
'ftp': 'scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.ftp.FTPDownloadHandler',
}后面下载网页会调用handler的download_request方法，后面讲fetch源码时再详细讲解。
4、Downloader：DownloaderMiddlewareManager对象
这个middleware前面已经讲解过很多次，对于下载器，它使用的中间件管理器是
DownloaderMiddlewareManager当然，也通过调用其from_crawler方法生成下载器中间件管理器对象。
self.middleware = DownloaderMiddlewareManager.from_crawler(crawler)前面讲过，中间件要自己实现'_get_mwlist_from_settings'构造自己的中间件列表。还可以实现‘_add_middleware'方法来添加特有的中间件方法。我们看下DownloaderMiddlewareManager的实现:
scrapy/core/downloader/middleware.py:
class DownloaderMiddlewareManager(MiddlewareManager):
component_name = 'downloader middleware'
@classmethod
def _get_mwlist_from_settings(cls, settings):
return build_component_list(
settings.getwithbase('DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES'))
def _add_middleware(self, mw):
if hasattr(mw, 'process_request'):
self.methods['process_request'].append(mw.process_request)
if hasattr(mw, 'process_response'):
self.methods['process_response'].insert(0, mw.process_response)
if hasattr(mw, 'process_exception'):
self.methods['process_exception'].insert(0, mw.process_exception)
可以看到，加入的中间件为'DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES',默认有以下几个:
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES_BASE = {
# Engine side
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.robotstxt.RobotsTxtMiddleware': 100,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware': 300,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware': 350,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 400,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.retry.RetryMiddleware': 500,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware': 550,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.ajaxcrawl.AjaxCrawlMiddleware': 560,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware': 580,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 590,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect.RedirectMiddleware': 600,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.cookies.CookiesMiddleware': 700,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 750,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.chunked.ChunkedTransferMiddleware': 830,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.stats.DownloaderStats': 850,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware': 900,
# Downloader side
}另外，可知downloader中间件默认能够识别的所有信号处理函数为：open_spider，close_spider，process_request，process_response，process_exception
分析完了4个关键对象，我们通过fetch方法来看下下载器是如何使用它们工作的：
Downloader.fetch()下载网页
fetch方法开始于engine的_next_request_from_scheduler。
scrapy/core/engine.py#ExecutionEngine:
def _next_request_from_scheduler(self, spider):
slot = self.slot
request = slot.scheduler.next_request()
if not request:
return
d = self._download(request, spider)
def _download(self, request, spider):
slot = self.slot
slot.add_request(request)
def _on_success(response):
assert isinstance(response, (Response, Request))
if isinstance(response, Response):
response.request = request # tie request to response received
logkws = self.logformatter.crawled(request, response, spider)
logger.log(*logformatter_adapter(logkws), extra={'spider': spider})
self.signals.send_catch_log(signal=signals.response_received, \
response=response, request=request, spider=spider)
return response
def _on_complete(_):
slot.nextcall.schedule()
return _
dwld = self.downloader.fetch(request, spider)
dwld.addCallbacks(_on_success)
dwld.addBoth(_on_complete)
return dwld
_download方法首先将request加入slot的inprogress集合记录正在进行的request,然后调用下载器downloader的fetch方法，给fetch返回的deferred添加一个’_on_success’方法，这样在下载完成后会打印日志并发送一个response_received消息给关心者。
scrapy/core/downloader/init.py#Downloader:
def fetch(self, request, spider):
def _deactivate(response):
self.active.remove(request)
return response
self.active.add(request)
dfd = self.middleware.download(self._enqueue_request, request, spider)
return dfd.addBoth(_deactivate)首先，调用中间件管理器的download方法，同时传入了自己的_enqueue_request方法。
看下中间件管理器的download方法:
scrapy/core/downloader/middleware.py:
def download(self, download_func, request, spider):
@defer.inlineCallbacks
def process_request(request):
for method in self.methods['process_request']:
response = yield method(request=request, spider=spider)
assert response is None or isinstance(response, (Response, Request)), \
'Middleware %s.process_request must return None, Response or Request, got %s' % \
(six.get_method_self(method).__class__.__name__, response.__class__.__name__)
if response:
defer.returnValue(response)
defer.returnValue((yield download_func(request=request,spider=spider)))
@defer.inlineCallbacks
def process_response(response):
assert response is not None, 'Received None in process_response'
if isinstance(response, Request):
defer.returnValue(response)
for method in self.methods['process_response']:
response = yield method(request=request, response=response,
spider=spider)
assert isinstance(response, (Response, Request)), \
'Middleware %s.process_response must return Response or Request, got %s' % \
(six.get_method_self(method).__class__.__name__, type(response))
if isinstance(response, Request):
defer.returnValue(response)
defer.returnValue(response)
@defer.inlineCallbacks
def process_exception(_failure):
exception = _failure.value
for method in self.methods['process_exception']:
response = yield method(request=request, exception=exception,
spider=spider)
assert response is None or isinstance(response, (Response, Request)), \
'Middleware %s.process_exception must return None, Response or Request, got %s' % \
(six.get_method_self(method).__class__.__name__, type(response))
if response:
defer.returnValue(response)
defer.returnValue(_failure)
deferred = mustbe_deferred(process_request, request)
deferred.addErrback(process_exception)
deferred.addCallback(process_response)
return deferred可以看出和上一节讲的spidermiddlewaremanager的scrape_reponse方法类似，先依次调用下载中间件的'process_request'方法处理request,然后调用Downloader的'_enqueue_request'方法进行下载，最后对response依次调用中间件的'process_response'方法。
接着，分析Downloader的_enqueue_request方法：
scrapy/core/downloader/init.py#Downloader:
def _enqueue_request(self, request, spider):
key, slot = self._get_slot(request, spider)
request.meta['download_slot'] = key
def _deactivate(response):
slot.active.remove(request)
return response
slot.active.add(request)
deferred = defer.Deferred().addBoth(_deactivate)
slot.queue.append((request, deferred))
self._process_queue(spider, slot)
return deferred这个方法一开始调用前面分析的'_get_slot'方法获取request相对应的Slot对象（主要是分析域名），然后向对应的slot对应的活动集合active中添加一个request，并向slot的队列queue添加request和对应的deferred对象。然后调用'_process_queue'方法处理slot对象。
接着分析'_process_queue'方法:
这个方法主要用于从slot对象的队列queue中获取请求并下载。
scrapy/core/downloader/init.py#Downloader:
def _process_queue(self, spider, slot):
if slot.latercall and slot.latercall.active(): /*如果一个latercall正在运行则直接返回*/
return
# Delay queue processing if a download_delay is configured
now = time()
delay = slot.download_delay() /*获取slot对象的延迟时间*/
if delay:
penalty = delay - now + slot.lastseen /*距离上次运行还需要延迟则latercall*/
if penalty > 0:
slot.latercall = reactor.callLater(penalty, self._process_queue, spider, slot)
return
# Process enqueued requests if there are free slots to transfer for this slot
while slot.queue and slot.free_transfer_slots() > 0: /*不停地处理slot队列queue中的请求，如果队列非空且有空闲的传输slot,则下载，如果需要延迟则继续调用'_process_queue'*/
slot.lastseen = now
request, deferred = slot.queue.popleft()
dfd = self._download(slot, request, spider)
dfd.chainDeferred(deferred)
# prevent burst if inter-request delays were configured
if delay:
self._process_queue(spider, slot)
break这个方法主要用于从slot对象的队列queue中获取请求并下载。
功能点：
1.如果一个latercall正在运行则直接返回；
2.获取slot对象的延迟时间；
3.距离上次运行还需要延迟则latercall；
4.不停地处理slot队列queue中的请求，如果队列非空且有空闲的传输slot,则下载，如果需要延迟则继续调用’_process_queue’。
这个函数通过最下面的while循环处理队列中的请求，并判断当前是否有空闲的传输slot，有空闲的才继续下载处理。
处理下载请求时，会不断更新slot的lastseen为当前时间，这个值代表了slot的最近一次活跃下载时间。
这里有个注意点就是如果当前没有空闲的传输slot而队列非空，那么未处理的request怎么办？（后面讲解）
如果需要delay则再次调用'_process_queue'，否则不停地继续下载request.
再次调用后，会先计算延迟时间距离上次活跃时间是否到时，如果还要延迟则启动一个latercall(通过twisted的reactor的callLater实现）。这个latercall会再次处理slot的队列queue.因此入口处判断如果有正在活动的latercall则不再处理。
这样，就不断地处理下载请求，并根据需要进行适当的延迟。
紧接着分析'_download'方法:
scrapy/core/downloader/init.py#Downloader:
def _download(self, slot, request, spider):
# The order is very important for the following deferreds. Do not change!
# 1. Create the download deferred
dfd = mustbe_deferred(self.handlers.download_request, request, spider)
# 2. Notify response_downloaded listeners about the recent download
# before querying queue for next request
def _downloaded(response):
self.signals.send_catch_log(signal=signals.response_downloaded,
response=response,
request=request,
spider=spider)
return response
dfd.addCallback(_downloaded)
# 3. After response arrives, remove the request from transferring
# state to free up the transferring slot so it can be used by the
# following requests (perhaps those which came from the downloader
# middleware itself)
slot.transferring.add(request)
def finish_transferring(_):
slot.transferring.remove(request)
self._process_queue(spider, slot)
return _
return dfd.addBoth(finish_transferring)可以看到这里调用了DownloadHandlers的download_request方法，并向传输集合transferring中添加正在传输request.
并给返回的Deferred对象添加了finish_transferring方法。
这里finish_transferring方法解释了上面的疑问，每次下载一个request完成，都会从传输集合中移除request,并触发一次_process_queue操作，这样就保证了队列queue中的请求不会残留。
下面分析handler的download_request方法：
scrapy/core/downloader/handlers/__init__.py:
def download_request(self, request, spider):
scheme = urlparse_cached(request).scheme
handler = self._get_handler(scheme)
if not handler:
raise NotSupported("Unsupported URL scheme '%s': %s" %
(scheme, self._notconfigured[scheme]))
return handler.download_request(request, spider)这里根据url的scheme获取对应的handler,这里的handler前面已经讲过了。就是不同协议对应不同的handler，调用不同handler的download_request进行实际下载。
不同handler的download_request分别调用不同的twisted接口，使用twisted框架自带的网络通信功能进行网页下载。
后记
scrapy的五大核心组件就基本上都有了：engine,scheduler,scraper,spidermw,downloader
文章参考：
https://blog.csdn.net/csdn_yym/article/details/85721661
https://blog.csdn.net/happyanger6/article/details/53572072
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