更好的方法是为这样的枚举类型定义一个class类型,然后,每个常量都是class的一个唯一实例。Python提供了Enum
类来实现这个功能:
from enum import Enum
Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))
这样我们就获得了Month
类型的枚举类,可以直接使用Month.Jan
来引用一个常量,或者枚举它的所有成员:
for name, member in Month.__members__.items():
print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value)
value
属性则是自动赋给成员的int
常量,默认从1
开始计数。
如果需要更精确地控制枚举类型,可以从Enum
派生出自定义类:
from enum import Enum, unique
@unique
class Weekday(Enum):
Sun = 0 # Sun的value被设定为0
Mon = 1
Tue = 2
Wed = 3
Thu = 4
Fri = 5
Sat = 6
@unique
装饰器可以帮助我们检查保证没有重复值。
访问这些枚举类型可以有若干种方法:
>>> day1 = Weekday.Mon
>>> print(day1)
Weekday.Mon
>>> print(Weekday.Tue)
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday['Tue'])
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday.Tue.value)
2
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Mon)
True
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Tue)
False
>>> print(Weekday(1))
Weekday.Mon
>>> print(day1 == Weekday(1))
True
>>> Weekday(7)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: 7 is not a valid Weekday
>>> for name, member in Weekday.__members__.items():
... print(name, '=>', member)
...
Sun => Weekday.Sun
Mon => Weekday.Mon
Tue => Weekday.Tue
Wed => Weekday.Wed
Thu => Weekday.Thu
Fri => Weekday.Fri
Sat => Weekday.Sat
可见,既可以用成员名称引用枚举常量,又可以直接根据value的值获得枚举常量。
练习
把Student
的gender
属性改造为枚举类型,可以避免使用字符串:
class Gender(Enum):
Male = 0
Female = 1
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name, gender):
self.name = name
self.gender = gender
from enum import Enum, unique
@unique
class Gender(Enum):
Male = 0
Female = 1
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name, gender):
self.name = name
self.gender = gender