第2条：遇到多个构造器参数时要考虑用构造器

当我们看帮助文档的时候，有没有想过它是怎么设计构造器的？为什么这么设置？这样设计有什么好处？

第一种情况：重叠构造器(telescoping constructor)

package com.wisdom.effective.java;

/**
 * 
 * @author Wisdom 第2条：遇到多个构造器参数时要考虑用构造器
 */
public class TelescopingConstructin {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NutritionFacts nf1 = new NutritionFacts(1, 1);
        NutritionFacts nf2 = new NutritionFacts(1, 1, 1);
        NutritionFacts nf3 = new NutritionFacts(1, 1, 1, 1);
        NutritionFacts nf4 = new NutritionFacts(1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
        NutritionFacts nf5 = new NutritionFacts(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
        System.out.println(nf1);
        System.out.println(nf2);
        System.out.println(nf3);
        System.out.println(nf4);
        System.out.println(nf5);
    }
}

class NutritionFacts {
    private int servingSize; // (ml) required 份量
    private int servings; // (ml) required 份
    private int calories; // optional 卡路里
    private int fat; // (g) optional 脂肪
    private int sodium; // (mg) optional 钠
    private int carbohydrate; // (g) optional 糖类

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings) {
        this(servingSize, servings, 0);
    }

    public void setCarbohydrate(int carbohydrate) {
        this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat,
            int sadium) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, sadium, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat, int sadium, int carbohydrate) {
        this.servingSize = servingSize;
        this.servings = servings;
        this.calories = calories;
        this.fat = fat;
        this.sodium = sadium;
        this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
    }
}

缺陷：重叠构造器模式可行，但是当有许多参数的时候，客户端会很难编写；如果客户端不小心点到了其中两个参数的顺序，编译器也不会出错，但是程序在运行时会出现错误的行为。

第二种情况：JavaBeans模式

package com.wisdom.effective.java;

/**
 * 
 * @author Wisdom Effective Java中文版 第2条：遇到多个构造器参数时要考虑用构造器
 */
public class TelescopingConstructin_2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NutritionFacts_2 nf1 = new NutritionFacts_2();
        nf1.setServingSize(240);
        nf1.setServings(8);
        nf1.setCalories(100);
        nf1.setSodium(35);
        nf1.setCarbohydrate(27);
        System.out.println(nf1);
    }
}

class NutritionFacts_2 {
    private int servingSize = -1; // (ml) required 份量
    private int servings = -1; // (ml) required 份
    private int calories = 0; // optional 卡路里
    private int fat = 0; // (g) optional 脂肪
    private int sodium = 0; // (mg) optional 钠
    private int carbohydrate = 0; // (g) optional 糖类

    public NutritionFacts_2() {
    }

    public void setServingSize(int servingSize) {
        this.servingSize = servingSize;
    }

    public void setServings(int servings) {
        this.servings = servings;
    }

    public void setCalories(int calories) {
        this.calories = calories;
    }

    public void setFat(int fat) {
        this.fat = fat;
    }

    public void setSodium(int sodium) {
        this.sodium = sodium;
    }

    public void setCarbohydrate(int carbohydrate) {
        this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
    }

}

缺陷：1、因为构造过程被分为几个调用中，在构造过程中JavaBeans可能处于不一致的状态。2、JavaBeans模式组织了把类做成不可变的可能，这就需要程序猿付出额外的努力来确保他的线程安全。

第三种情况：Builder模式(即能保证像重叠构造器那样的安全性，也能保证像JavaBeans模式那么好的可读性)，他不直接生成想要的对象，而是让客户端利用所有必要的参数调用类似于setter的方法，来设置每个相关的可选参数。最后，客户端调用无参的build方法来生成不可变的对象。这个builder是它构建的类的静态成员。

package com.wisdom.effective.java;

/**
 * 
 * @author Wisdom Effective Java中文版 第2条：遇到多个构造器参数时要考虑用构造器
 */
public class TelescopingConstructin_3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NutritionFacts_3 cocaCola = new NutritionFacts_3.Builder(240, 8)
                .calories(100).sodium(35).carbohydrate(27).build();
        System.out.println(cocaCola);
    }
}

class NutritionFacts_3 {
    private int servingSize; // (ml) required 份量
    private int servings; // (ml) required 份
    private int calories; // optional 卡路里
    private int fat; // (g) optional 脂肪
    private int sodium; // (mg) optional 钠
    private int carbohydrate; // (g) optional 糖类

    public static class Builder {
        // Required
        private int servingSize;
        private int servings;
        // Optional
        private int calories = 0;
        private int fat = 0;
        private int sodium = 0;
        private int carbohydrate = 0;

        public Builder(int servingSize, int servings) {
            this.servingSize = servingSize;
            this.servings = servings;
        }

        public Builder calories(int val) {
            calories = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder fat(int val) {
            fat = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder sodium(int val) {
            sodium = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder carbohydrate(int val) {
            carbohydrate = val;
            return this;
        }

        public NutritionFacts_3 build() {
            return new NutritionFacts_3(this);
        }
    }

    private NutritionFacts_3(Builder builder) {
        servingSize = builder.servingSize;
        servings = builder.servings;
        calories = builder.calories;
        fat = builder.fat;
        sodium = builder.sodium;
        carbohydrate = builder.carbohydrate;
    }
}

好处：客户端代码很容易编写，更为重要的是易于阅读。builder模式模拟了具名的可选参数，就像Ada和Python中的一样。

优化版：

package com.wisdom.effective.java;

/**
 * 
 * @author Wisdom Effective Java中文版 第2条：遇到多个构造器参数时要考虑用构造器
 */
public class TelescopingConstructin_3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NutritionFacts_3 cocaCola = new NutritionFacts_3.Builder(240, 8)
                .calories(100).sodium(35).carbohydrate(27).builder();
        System.out.println(cocaCola);
    }
}

interface BuilderInter<T>{
    public T builder();
}

class NutritionFacts_3 {
    private int servingSize; // (ml) required 份量
    private int servings; // (ml) required 份
    private int calories; // optional 卡路里
    private int fat; // (g) optional 脂肪
    private int sodium; // (mg) optional 钠
    private int carbohydrate; // (g) optional 糖类

    public static class Builder implements BuilderInter<NutritionFacts_3>{
        // Required
        private int servingSize;
        private int servings;
        // Optional
        private int calories = 0;
        private int fat = 0;
        private int sodium = 0;
        private int carbohydrate = 0;

        public Builder(int servingSize, int servings) {
            this.servingSize = servingSize;
            this.servings = servings;
        }

        public Builder calories(int val) {
            calories = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder fat(int val) {
            fat = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder sodium(int val) {
            sodium = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder carbohydrate(int val) {
            carbohydrate = val;
            return this;
        }

//      public NutritionFacts_3 build() {
//          return new NutritionFacts_3(this);
//      }

        public NutritionFacts_3 builder() {
            return new NutritionFacts_3(this);
        }
    }

    private NutritionFacts_3(Builder builder) {
        servingSize = builder.servingSize;
        servings = builder.servings;
        calories = builder.calories;
        fat = builder.fat;
        sodium = builder.sodium;
        carbohydrate = builder.carbohydrate;
    }
}