Visual Studio 2019 和 qt 5.15.1 下 opengl 的运用 - Getting-started - 07 - Camera

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-07 19:51:13 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-04-07 19:51:13 发布
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分类专栏： opengl 文章标签： qt opengl opengl
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/zzjzmdx/article/details/116001601
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学习learnopengl文章对应地址:https://learnopengl-cn.github.io/01%20Getting%20started/09%20Camera/

VS、qt版本分别给了多个文件和三个项目，都在同一个包内：https://download.csdn.net/download/zzjzmdx/16808994

（vs分四个主要文件，qt三个项目，qt不包含最后的camera.h公用类的项目，以后有时间写个更好的）

展示图：

Visual Studio 2019

代码如下:

Camera-01.cpp

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include "shader.h"

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"

const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);

float vertices[] = {
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
};

glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
    glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
    glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
    glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
    glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
};

unsigned int indices[] = {
    0, 1, 3, // first triangle
    1, 2, 3  // second triangle
};

int main()
{
    //init
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "Texture04-01", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL)
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
    //init

    //用来开启更新深度缓冲区的功能，也就是，如果通过比较后深度值发生变化了，会进行更新深度缓冲区的操作。
    //启动它，OpenGL就可以跟踪再Z轴上的像素，这样，它只会再那个像素前方没有东西时，才会绘画这个像素。
    //在做绘画3D时，这个功能最好启动，视觉效果比较真实。
    //glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)--> glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    //每次渲染迭代之前清除深度缓冲（否则前一帧的深度信息仍然保存在缓冲中）↑
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    //创建VAO   VAO: 顶点数组对象：Vertex Array Object,  
    unsigned int VAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO); // 用来生成缓冲区对象
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);//绑定VAO

       //创建EBO 
    unsigned int VBO;
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);// 用来生成缓冲区对象
    //把新创建的缓冲绑定到GL_ARRAY_BUFFER目标上
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    //复制顶点数组到缓冲中供OpenGL使用
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    //创建EBO 
    unsigned int EBO;
    glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);// 用来生成缓冲区对象
    //把新创建的缓冲绑定到GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER目标上
    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
    //把我们的顶点数组复制到一个顶点缓冲中，供OpenGL使用
    glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    //位置属性 告诉OpenGL该如何解析顶点数据
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    //允许顶点着色器读取GPU（服务器端）数据
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    //颜色属性 告诉OpenGL该如何解析颜色数据
    //glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    //允许顶点着色器读取GPU（服务器端）数据
    //glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    //材质属性 告诉OpenGL该如何解析材质数据
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    //允许顶点着色器读取GPU（服务器端）数据
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    //创建texture
    unsigned int texture;
    glGenTextures(1, &texture); // 用来生成缓冲区对象
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);//绑定texture

    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

    Shader ourShader("./7.1.camera.vs", "./7.1.camera.fs");

    int width, height, nrChannels;
    stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
    unsigned char* data = stbi_load("./container.jpg", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
    }
    stbi_image_free(data);


    unsigned int texture2;
    glGenTextures(1, &texture2);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

    data = stbi_load("./awesomeface.png", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
    }
    stbi_image_free(data);

    ourShader.use();
    glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "texture1"), 0);
    ourShader.setInt("texture2", 1);


    //解绑VAO
    glBindVertexArray(0);
    //解绑VBO
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
    //解绑EBO
    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);

    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        processInput(window);
        glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
        //glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // bind Texture
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);


        //glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(-55.0f), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
        旋转
        //model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime(), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
        unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "model");
        glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
        //ourShader.setMat4("model", model);//等于上两行

     
        //camera / view transformation
        glm::mat4 view = glm::mat4(1.0f); // make sure to initialize matrix to identity matrix first
        float radius = 10.0f;
        float camX = sin(glfwGetTime()) * radius;
        float camZ = cos(glfwGetTime()) * radius;
        //一个位置、目标和上向量
        view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(camX, 0.0f, camZ), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
        ourShader.setMat4("view", view);


        glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        //unsigned int projectionLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "projection");
        //glUniformMatrix4fv(projectionLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &projection[0][0]);
        ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);//等于上两行

        glBindVertexArray(VAO);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            // calculate the model matrix for each object and pass it to shader before drawing
            glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
            model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
            //if (i%2==0) {//双数旋转
            //    model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime(), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
            //}
            float angle = 20.0f * i;
            model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
            ourShader.setMat4("model", model);

            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        }

        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}

Camera-02-move.cpp

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include "shader.h"

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"

const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

float deltaTime = 0.0f;	
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

glm::vec3 cameraPos = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraFront = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraUp = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);

float vertices[] = {
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
};

glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
    glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
    glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
    glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
    glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
};

unsigned int indices[] = {
    0, 1, 3, // first triangle
    1, 2, 3  // second triangle
};

int main()
{
    //init
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "Texture04-01", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL)
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
    //init

    //用来开启更新深度缓冲区的功能，也就是，如果通过比较后深度值发生变化了，会进行更新深度缓冲区的操作。
    //启动它，OpenGL就可以跟踪再Z轴上的像素，这样，它只会再那个像素前方没有东西时，才会绘画这个像素。
    //在做绘画3D时，这个功能最好启动，视觉效果比较真实。
    //glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)--> glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    //每次渲染迭代之前清除深度缓冲（否则前一帧的深度信息仍然保存在缓冲中）↑
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    //创建VAO   VAO: 顶点数组对象：Vertex Array Object,  
    unsigned int VAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO); // 用来生成缓冲区对象
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);//绑定VAO

       //创建EBO 
    unsigned int VBO;
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);// 用来生成缓冲区对象
    //把新创建的缓冲绑定到GL_ARRAY_BUFFER目标上
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    //复制顶点数组到缓冲中供OpenGL使用
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    //创建EBO 
    unsigned int EBO;
    glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);// 用来生成缓冲区对象
    //把新创建的缓冲绑定到GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER目标上
    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
    //把我们的顶点数组复制到一个顶点缓冲中，供OpenGL使用
    glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    //位置属性 告诉OpenGL该如何解析顶点数据
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    //允许顶点着色器读取GPU（服务器端）数据
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    //颜色属性 告诉OpenGL该如何解析颜色数据
    //glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    //允许顶点着色器读取GPU（服务器端）数据
    //glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    //材质属性 告诉OpenGL该如何解析材质数据
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    //允许顶点着色器读取GPU（服务器端）数据
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    //创建texture
    unsigned int texture;
    glGenTextures(1, &texture); // 用来生成缓冲区对象
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);//绑定texture

    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

    Shader ourShader("./7.1.camera.vs", "./7.1.camera.fs");

    int width, height, nrChannels;
    stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
    unsigned char* data = stbi_load("./container.jpg", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
    }
    stbi_image_free(data);


    unsigned int texture2;
    glGenTextures(1, &texture2);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

    data = stbi_load("./awesomeface.png", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
    }
    stbi_image_free(data);

    ourShader.use();
    glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "texture1"), 0);
    ourShader.setInt("texture2", 1);


    //解绑VAO
    glBindVertexArray(0);
    //解绑VBO
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
    //解绑EBO
    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);

    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {

        float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        processInput(window);
        glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
        //glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // bind Texture
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);


        //glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(-55.0f), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
        旋转
        //model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime(), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
        unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "model");
        glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
        //ourShader.setMat4("model", model);//等于上两行


        glm::mat4 view = glm::lookAt(cameraPos, cameraPos + cameraFront, cameraUp);
        ourShader.setMat4("view", view);



        glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        //unsigned int projectionLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "projection");
        //glUniformMatrix4fv(projectionLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &projection[0][0]);
        ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);//等于上两行

        glBindVertexArray(VAO);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            // calculate the model matrix for each object and pass it to shader before drawing
            glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
            model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
            //if (i%2==0) {//双数旋转
            //    model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime(), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
            //}
            float angle = 20.0f * i;
            model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
            ourShader.setMat4("model", model);

            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        }

        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    float cameraSpeed = 2.5 * deltaTime;
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
        cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
        cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
        cameraPos -= glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
        cameraPos += glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
}

Camera-03-rotate.cpp

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include "shader.h"

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"

const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

glm::vec3 cameraPos = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraFront = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraUp = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);

bool firstMouse = true;
float yaw = -90.0f;	
float pitch = 0.0f;
float lastX = 800.0f / 2.0;
float lastY = 600.0 / 2.0;
float fov = 45.0f;


void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);

void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);

float vertices[] = {
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
};

glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
    glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
    glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
    glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
    glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
};

unsigned int indices[] = {
    0, 1, 3, // first triangle
    1, 2, 3  // second triangle
};

int main()
{
    //init
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "Texture04-01", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL)
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }
    //glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
    //init

    //用来开启更新深度缓冲区的功能，也就是，如果通过比较后深度值发生变化了，会进行更新深度缓冲区的操作。
    //启动它，OpenGL就可以跟踪再Z轴上的像素，这样，它只会再那个像素前方没有东西时，才会绘画这个像素。
    //在做绘画3D时，这个功能最好启动，视觉效果比较真实。
    //glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)--> glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    //每次渲染迭代之前清除深度缓冲（否则前一帧的深度信息仍然保存在缓冲中）↑
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    //创建VAO   VAO: 顶点数组对象：Vertex Array Object,  
    unsigned int VAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO); // 用来生成缓冲区对象
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);//绑定VAO

       //创建EBO 
    unsigned int VBO;
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);// 用来生成缓冲区对象
    //把新创建的缓冲绑定到GL_ARRAY_BUFFER目标上
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    //复制顶点数组到缓冲中供OpenGL使用
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    //创建EBO 
    unsigned int EBO;
    glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);// 用来生成缓冲区对象
    //把新创建的缓冲绑定到GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER目标上
    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
    //把我们的顶点数组复制到一个顶点缓冲中，供OpenGL使用
    glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    //位置属性 告诉OpenGL该如何解析顶点数据
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    //允许顶点着色器读取GPU（服务器端）数据
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    //颜色属性 告诉OpenGL该如何解析颜色数据
    //glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    //允许顶点着色器读取GPU（服务器端）数据
    //glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    //材质属性 告诉OpenGL该如何解析材质数据
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    //允许顶点着色器读取GPU（服务器端）数据
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    //创建texture
    unsigned int texture;
    glGenTextures(1, &texture); // 用来生成缓冲区对象
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);//绑定texture

    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

    Shader ourShader("./7.1.camera.vs", "./7.1.camera.fs");

    int width, height, nrChannels;
    stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
    unsigned char* data = stbi_load("./container.jpg", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
    }
    stbi_image_free(data);


    unsigned int texture2;
    glGenTextures(1, &texture2);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

    data = stbi_load("./awesomeface.png", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
    }
    stbi_image_free(data);

    ourShader.use();
    glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "texture1"), 0);
    ourShader.setInt("texture2", 1);


    //解绑VAO
    glBindVertexArray(0);
    //解绑VBO
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
    //解绑EBO
    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);

    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {

        float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        processInput(window);
        glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
        //glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // bind Texture
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);


        //glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(-55.0f), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
        旋转
        //model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime(), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
        unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "model");
        glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
        //ourShader.setMat4("model", model);//等于上两行


        glm::mat4 view = glm::lookAt(cameraPos, cameraPos + cameraFront, cameraUp);
        ourShader.setMat4("view", view);



        glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        //projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(fov), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        //unsigned int projectionLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "projection");
        //glUniformMatrix4fv(projectionLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &projection[0][0]);
        ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);//等于上两行

        glBindVertexArray(VAO);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            // calculate the model matrix for each object and pass it to shader before drawing
            glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
            model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
            //if (i%2==0) {//双数旋转
            //    model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime(), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
            //}
            float angle = 20.0f * i;
            model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
            ourShader.setMat4("model", model);

            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        }

        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    float cameraSpeed = 2.5 * deltaTime;
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
        cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
        cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
        cameraPos -= glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
        cameraPos += glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
}

void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos; 
    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    float sensitivity = 0.1f;
    xoffset *= sensitivity;
    yoffset *= sensitivity;

    yaw += xoffset;
    pitch += yoffset;

    if (pitch > 89.0f)
        pitch = 89.0f;
    if (pitch < -89.0f)
        pitch = -89.0f;

    glm::vec3 front;
    front.x = cos(glm::radians(yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(pitch));
    front.y = sin(glm::radians(pitch));
    front.z = sin(glm::radians(yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(pitch));
    cameraFront = glm::normalize(front);
}

void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    fov -= (float)yoffset;
    if (fov < 1.0f)
        fov = 1.0f;
    if (fov > 45.0f)
        fov = 45.0f;
}

Camera-04-class.cpp

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include "shader.h"
#include "camera.h"

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"


float vertices[] = {
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
};

glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
    glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
    glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
    glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
    glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
};

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;

// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;	
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

int main()
{
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL)
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    Shader ourShader("7.1.camera.vs", "7.1.camera.fs");


    unsigned int VBO, VAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glBindVertexArray(VAO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);



    unsigned int texture1, texture2;

    glGenTextures(1, &texture1);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
 
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);

    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

    int width, height, nrChannels;
    stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true); 

    unsigned char* data = stbi_load("./container.jpg", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
    }
    stbi_image_free(data);
   
    glGenTextures(1, &texture2);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
    
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
   
    data = stbi_load("./awesomeface.png", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
    }
    stbi_image_free(data);

    ourShader.use();
    ourShader.setInt("texture1", 0);
    ourShader.setInt("texture2", 1);

    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {

        float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        processInput(window);

        glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);

        ourShader.use();

        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);

        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        ourShader.setMat4("view", view);

        glBindVertexArray(VAO);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        {
            glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
            model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
            float angle = 20.0f * i;
            model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
            ourShader.setMat4("model", model);

            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        }

        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos;

    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}

qt  5.15.1 

代码如下:

01

Camera.cpp

#include "Camera.h"

float vertices[] = {
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
};

QVector3D cubePositions[] = {
    QVector3D(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
    QVector3D(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
    QVector3D(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
    QVector3D(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
    QVector3D(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
    QVector3D(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
    QVector3D(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
    QVector3D(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
    QVector3D(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
    QVector3D(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
};

unsigned int indices[] = {
    0, 1, 3, // first triangle
    1, 2, 3  // second triangle
};

QVector3D cameraPos = QVector3D(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
QVector3D cameraFront = QVector3D(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
QVector3D cameraUp = QVector3D(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);

Camera::Camera(QWidget *parent)
    : QOpenGLWidget(parent)
{
}

Camera::~Camera()
{
    m_vao->release();
    m_vbo->release();
    m_ebo->release();
    m_program->release();  //解绑
}

void Camera::initializeGL()
{
    initializeOpenGLFunctions();
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    //QOpenGLShaderProgram
    m_program = new QOpenGLShaderProgram(this);
    //vertex shader 顶点着色器
    m_program->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Vertex, ":/vshader.glsl");
    //fragment shader 片段着色器
    m_program->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Fragment, ":/fshader.glsl");
    m_program->link();
    m_program->bind();//激活Program对象

    m_vao = new QOpenGLVertexArrayObject();
    m_vao->create();
    m_vao->bind();

    //画矩形
    m_vbo = new QOpenGLBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::Type::VertexBuffer);
    m_vbo->create();
    m_vbo->bind();
    m_vbo->allocate(vertices, sizeof(vertices));
    m_vbo->setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StreamDraw);

    m_ebo = new QOpenGLBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::Type::IndexBuffer);
    m_ebo->create();
    m_ebo->bind();
    m_ebo->allocate(indices,sizeof(indices));
    m_ebo->setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StaticDraw);

    GLint aPos = m_program->attributeLocation("aPos");
    if(aPos==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_program->setAttributeBuffer(aPos, GL_FLOAT, 0,  3, 5*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_program->enableAttributeArray(aPos);

    GLint aTexCoord = m_program->attributeLocation("aTexCoord");
    if(aTexCoord==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_program->setAttributeBuffer(aTexCoord, GL_FLOAT, 3*sizeof(GLfloat),  2, 5*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_program->enableAttributeArray(aTexCoord);
    //画矩形

    //加载图片
    texture1 = new QOpenGLTexture(QImage(":/container.jpg").mirrored());

    //纹理对象设置环绕、过滤方式
    texture1->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionS,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture1->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionT,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture1->setMinificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Nearest);
    texture1->setMagnificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);

    //加载图片
    texture2 = new QOpenGLTexture(QImage(":/awesomeface.png").mirrored());

    //纹理对象设置环绕、过滤方式
    texture2->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionS,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture2->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionT,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture2->setMinificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Nearest);
    texture2->setMagnificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);

    m_program->setUniformValue("texture1", 0);
    m_program->setUniformValue("texture2", 1);

    m_vao->release();
    m_vbo->release();
    m_ebo->release();

    m_time = QTime::currentTime();
}

void Camera::paintGL()
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);

    // 渲染Shader
    m_program->bind(); //绑定激活Program对象

    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
    texture1->bind();
    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
    texture2->bind();


    QMatrix4x4 view;
    float radius = 10.0f;
    float timeValue = m_time.msecsTo(QTime::currentTime())/1000.0f;
    float camX = sin(timeValue) * radius;
    float camZ = cos(timeValue) * radius;
    //一个位置、目标和上向量
    view.lookAt(QVector3D(camX, 0.0f, camZ),QVector3D(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),QVector3D(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
    m_program->setUniformValue("view", view);

    QMatrix4x4 projection;
    projection.perspective(45.0f, (float)SCR_WIDTH/(float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
    m_program->setUniformValue("projection", projection);
    //qDebug()<<qDegreesToRadians(45.0f);

    m_vao->bind();      //绑定激活vao
    //画矩形
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    {
        QMatrix4x4 model;
        model.translate(cubePositions[i]);
        float angle = 20.0f * i;
        model.rotate(angle, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        m_program->setUniformValue("model", model);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
    }
    m_vao->release();       //解绑
    update();
}

void Camera::resizeGL(int w, int h)
{

}

02

Camera.cpp

#include "Camera.h"

float vertices[] = {
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
};

QVector3D cubePositions[] = {
    QVector3D(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
    QVector3D(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
    QVector3D(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
    QVector3D(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
    QVector3D(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
    QVector3D(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
    QVector3D(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
    QVector3D(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
    QVector3D(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
    QVector3D(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
};

unsigned int indices[] = {
    0, 1, 3, // first triangle
    1, 2, 3  // second triangle
};

QVector3D cameraPos = QVector3D(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
QVector3D cameraFront = QVector3D(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
QVector3D cameraUp = QVector3D(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);

Camera::Camera(QWidget *parent)
    : QOpenGLWidget(parent)
{
}

Camera::~Camera()
{
    m_vao->release();
    m_vbo->release();
    m_ebo->release();
    m_program->release();  //解绑
}

void Camera::initializeGL()
{
    initializeOpenGLFunctions();
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    //QOpenGLShaderProgram
    m_program = new QOpenGLShaderProgram(this);
    //vertex shader 顶点着色器
    m_program->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Vertex, ":/vshader.glsl");
    //fragment shader 片段着色器
    m_program->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Fragment, ":/fshader.glsl");
    m_program->link();
    m_program->bind();//激活Program对象

    m_vao = new QOpenGLVertexArrayObject();
    m_vao->create();
    m_vao->bind();

    //画矩形
    m_vbo = new QOpenGLBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::Type::VertexBuffer);
    m_vbo->create();
    m_vbo->bind();
    m_vbo->allocate(vertices, sizeof(vertices));
    m_vbo->setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StreamDraw);

    m_ebo = new QOpenGLBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::Type::IndexBuffer);
    m_ebo->create();
    m_ebo->bind();
    m_ebo->allocate(indices,sizeof(indices));
    m_ebo->setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StaticDraw);

    GLint aPos = m_program->attributeLocation("aPos");
    if(aPos==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_program->setAttributeBuffer(aPos, GL_FLOAT, 0,  3, 5*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_program->enableAttributeArray(aPos);

    GLint aTexCoord = m_program->attributeLocation("aTexCoord");
    if(aTexCoord==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_program->setAttributeBuffer(aTexCoord, GL_FLOAT, 3*sizeof(GLfloat),  2, 5*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_program->enableAttributeArray(aTexCoord);
    //画矩形

    //加载图片
    texture1 = new QOpenGLTexture(QImage(":/container.jpg").mirrored());

    //纹理对象设置环绕、过滤方式
    texture1->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionS,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture1->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionT,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture1->setMinificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Nearest);
    texture1->setMagnificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);

    //加载图片
    texture2 = new QOpenGLTexture(QImage(":/awesomeface.png").mirrored());

    //纹理对象设置环绕、过滤方式
    texture2->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionS,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture2->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionT,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture2->setMinificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Nearest);
    texture2->setMagnificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);

    m_program->setUniformValue("texture1", 0);
    m_program->setUniformValue("texture2", 1);

    m_vao->release();
    m_vbo->release();
    m_ebo->release();
}

void Camera::paintGL()
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);

    // 渲染Shader
    m_program->bind(); //绑定激活Program对象

    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
    texture1->bind();
    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
    texture2->bind();

    QMatrix4x4 view;
    m_time = QTime::currentTime();
    m_deltaTime = m_time.msecsTo(m_lasttime)/1000.0f;
    m_lasttime = m_time;
    //一个位置、目标和上向量
    view.lookAt(cameraPos, cameraPos + cameraFront, cameraUp);
    m_program->setUniformValue("view", view);

    QMatrix4x4 projection;
    projection.perspective(45.0f, (float)SCR_WIDTH/(float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
    m_program->setUniformValue("projection", projection);
    //qDebug()<<qDegreesToRadians(45.0f);

    m_vao->bind();      //绑定激活vao
    //画矩形
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    {
        QMatrix4x4 model;
        model.translate(cubePositions[i]);
        float angle = 20.0f * i;
        model.rotate(angle, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        m_program->setUniformValue("model", model);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
    }
    m_vao->release();       //解绑
    update();
}

void Camera::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event)
{
    float cameraSpeed = m_deltaTime;
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_Escape)
    {
        close();
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_W)
    {
        cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_S)
    {
        cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_A)
    {
        cameraPos -= QVector3D::crossProduct(cameraFront, cameraUp) * cameraSpeed;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_D)
    {
        cameraPos += (QVector3D::crossProduct(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
    }
}

void Camera::resizeGL(int w, int h)
{

}

03

Camera.cpp

#include "Camera.h"

float vertices[] = {
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
};

QVector3D cubePositions[] = {
    QVector3D(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
    QVector3D(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
    QVector3D(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
    QVector3D(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
    QVector3D(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
    QVector3D(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
    QVector3D(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
    QVector3D(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
    QVector3D(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
    QVector3D(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
};

unsigned int indices[] = {
    0, 1, 3, // first triangle
    1, 2, 3  // second triangle
};

Camera::Camera(QWidget *parent)
    : QOpenGLWidget(parent)
{
}

Camera::~Camera()
{
    m_vao->release();
    m_vbo->release();
    m_ebo->release();
    m_program->release();  //解绑
}

void Camera::initializeGL()
{
    initializeOpenGLFunctions();
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    //QOpenGLShaderProgram
    m_program = new QOpenGLShaderProgram(this);
    //vertex shader 顶点着色器
    m_program->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Vertex, ":/vshader.glsl");
    //fragment shader 片段着色器
    m_program->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Fragment, ":/fshader.glsl");
    m_program->link();
    m_program->bind();//激活Program对象

    m_vao = new QOpenGLVertexArrayObject();
    m_vao->create();
    m_vao->bind();

    //画矩形
    m_vbo = new QOpenGLBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::Type::VertexBuffer);
    m_vbo->create();
    m_vbo->bind();
    m_vbo->allocate(vertices, sizeof(vertices));
    m_vbo->setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StreamDraw);

    m_ebo = new QOpenGLBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::Type::IndexBuffer);
    m_ebo->create();
    m_ebo->bind();
    m_ebo->allocate(indices,sizeof(indices));
    m_ebo->setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StaticDraw);

    GLint aPos = m_program->attributeLocation("aPos");
    if(aPos==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_program->setAttributeBuffer(aPos, GL_FLOAT, 0,  3, 5*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_program->enableAttributeArray(aPos);

    GLint aTexCoord = m_program->attributeLocation("aTexCoord");
    if(aTexCoord==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_program->setAttributeBuffer(aTexCoord, GL_FLOAT, 3*sizeof(GLfloat),  2, 5*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_program->enableAttributeArray(aTexCoord);
    //画矩形

    //加载图片
    texture1 = new QOpenGLTexture(QImage(":/container.jpg").mirrored());

    //纹理对象设置环绕、过滤方式
    texture1->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionS,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture1->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionT,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture1->setMinificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Nearest);
    texture1->setMagnificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);

    //加载图片
    texture2 = new QOpenGLTexture(QImage(":/awesomeface.png").mirrored());

    //纹理对象设置环绕、过滤方式
    texture2->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionS,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture2->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionT,QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
    texture2->setMinificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Nearest);
    texture2->setMagnificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);

    m_program->setUniformValue("texture1", 0);
    m_program->setUniformValue("texture2", 1);

    m_vao->release();
    m_vbo->release();
    m_ebo->release();
}

void Camera::paintGL()
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);

    // 渲染Shader
    m_program->bind(); //绑定激活Program对象

    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
    texture1->bind();
    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
    texture2->bind();

    QMatrix4x4 view;
    m_time = QTime::currentTime();
    m_deltaTime = m_time.msecsTo(m_lasttime)/1000.0f;
    m_lasttime = m_time;
    //一个位置、目标和上向量
    view.lookAt(cameraPos, cameraPos + cameraFront, cameraUp);
    m_program->setUniformValue("view", view);

    QMatrix4x4 projection;
    projection.perspective(fov, (float)SCR_WIDTH/(float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
    m_program->setUniformValue("projection", projection);
    //qDebug()<<qDegreesToRadians(45.0f);

    m_vao->bind();      //绑定激活vao
    //画矩形
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    {
        QMatrix4x4 model;
        model.translate(cubePositions[i]);
        float angle = 20.0f * i;
        model.rotate(angle, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        m_program->setUniformValue("model", model);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
    }
    m_vao->release();       //解绑
    update();
}

void Camera::mouseMoveEvent(QMouseEvent *event)
{
    int xpos = event->x();
    int ypos = event->y();
    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }
    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos;
    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    float sensitivity = 0.1f;
    xoffset *= sensitivity;
    yoffset *= sensitivity;

    yaw += xoffset;
    pitch += yoffset;

    if (pitch > 89.0f)
        pitch = 89.0f;
    if (pitch < -89.0f)
        pitch = -89.0f;

    QVector3D front = QVector3D(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
    front.setX(cos(qDegreesToRadians(yaw)) * cos(qDegreesToRadians(pitch)));
    front.setY(sin(qDegreesToRadians(pitch)));
    front.setZ(sin(qDegreesToRadians(yaw)) * cos(qDegreesToRadians(pitch)));
    cameraFront = front;
}

void Camera::wheelEvent(QWheelEvent *event){
    float flagNumber = 1;
    if(event->angleDelta().y()>0){
        flagNumber = 1;
    }else{
        flagNumber = -1;
    }
    fov -= flagNumber;
    if (fov < 1.0f)
        fov = 1.0f;
    if (fov > 45.0f)
        fov = 45.0f;
}

void Camera::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event)
{
    float cameraSpeed = m_deltaTime;
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_Escape)
    {
        close();
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_W)
    {
        cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_S)
    {
        cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_A)
    {
        cameraPos -= QVector3D::crossProduct(cameraFront, cameraUp) * cameraSpeed;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_D)
    {
        cameraPos += (QVector3D::crossProduct(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
    }
}

void Camera::resizeGL(int w, int h)
{

}

 

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CoreNLP一套Java核心自然语言处理工具，用于标记化、句子分词、NER分析、相互引用、情感分析等
java+springboot图片处理Utils类文件
05-21
包含方法： 1、从图片的MultipartFile获取InputStream。 2、转换图片格式为jpg，保持原尺寸不变，并获取新的InputStream。 3、压缩图片文件大小,图片尺寸不变。 4、按照指定比例进行缩小和放大。 5、裁剪图片。 6、给某张图片绘制标记框，并输出至指定位置。 7、MultipartFile 转 File。
Ubuntu qt 怎么让i686-pc-mingw32-uic跟qt关联起来
05-31
要让i686-pc-mingw32-uic和Qt关联起来，可以按照以下步骤操作： 1. 打开终端，进入Qt的bin目录，例如： ``` cd /home/user/Qt/5.15.1/gcc_64/bin ``` 2. 创建一个软链接，将i686-pc-mingw32-uic链接到uic： ...

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