深度学习之四：卷积神经网络基础

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-07 22:33:07 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-07-07 22:33:07 发布

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分类专栏： ML

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计算机视觉在深度学习的帮助下取得了令人惊叹的进展，其中发挥重要作用的是卷积神经网络。本节总结了卷积神经的原理与实现方法。

1 卷积神经网络

1.1 计算机视觉与深度学习

计算机视觉要解决的问题是如何让机器理解现实世界的现象。目前主要处理的问题如图像分类，目标检测，风格变换等。

对于小型图片，如MNIST的图片处理，图像大小为64*64，使用全连接神经网络还可以处理。如果图像较大，如1000*1000*3时，单个输入层就需要3M的节点，全连接情况下，单层的权重就可能多达数十亿的待训练参数。这将导致神经网络无法进行有效训练。因此业界提出卷积神经网络解决参数过多的问题。

先看一个卷积神经网络的结构，在卷积神经网络中包括三种类型的层：卷积层，池化层和全连接层。下面几节介绍卷积神经网络的基本概念。
此处输入图片的描述

1.2 过滤器

在卷积神经网络中，过滤器也称为卷积核，通常是3*3或5*5的小型矩阵(先忽略每个点可能有多个通道)。过滤器的作用是和输入图像的各个区域逐次进行卷积。

所谓卷积运算是计算两个矩阵的对应元素(Element-wise)乘积的和。卷积本质是两个向量的内积，体现了两个向量的距离。

下图展示了过滤器在输入图像上的卷积计算的过程：
输入图像与过滤器的卷积计算过程

因此过滤器可以捕获图像中与之类似模式的图像区域。例如下图展示了一个过滤器的数值矩阵与图形。
此处输入图片的描述

当使用这个过滤器在图像上移动并计算卷积时，不同的区域会有不同的卷积结果。
此处输入图片的描述

在类似于的模式下过滤器与图像区域的卷积会产生较大的值。
此处输入图片的描述
不相似的区域则产生较小的值。

此外在一层上捕获的模式可以组合为更复杂的模式并输入到下一层，从而使得下一层能识别更复杂的图像模式。

训练CNN在一定意义上是在训练每个卷积层的过滤器，让其组合对特定的模式有高的激活，以达到CNN网络的分类/检测等目的。

1.3 Padding

对于一个shape为 $[n,n]$ 的图像，若过滤器的 shape为 $[f,f]$ ，在卷积时每次移动1步，则生成的矩阵shape为 $[n-f+1, n-f+1]$ 。这样如果经过多层的卷积后，输出会越来越小。另一方面图像边界的点的特征不能被过滤器充分捕获。

通过对原始图像四个边界进行padding，解决上面提到的两个问题。术语Same填充，会保证输出矩阵与输入矩阵大小相同，因此其需要对输入图像边界填充 $\frac{f-1}{2}$ 个象素。另一个术语Valid填充表示不填充。

通过下图体会Padding对输出的影响
此处输入图片的描述

下面的代码展示了使用0填充，向X边界填充pad个像素的方法

def zero_pad(X, pad):
    X_pad = np.pad(X, ((0, 0), (pad, pad), (pad, pad), (0, 0)), 'constant', constant_values=0)

    return X_pad

1.4 卷积步长

另一个影响输出大小的因素是卷积步长(Stride)。
对于一个shape为 $[n,n]$ 的图像，若过滤器的 shape为 $[f,f]$ ，卷积步长为s，边界填充p个象素，则生成的矩阵shape为 $[\frac{n+2p-f}{s} + 1, \frac{n+2p-f}{s} + 1]$ 。

1.5 卷积层记法说明

对于第 $l$ 层的卷积层， $n_c^{[l]}$ 为该层的卷积核数，其输入矩阵的维度为

[n [l - 1] H, n [l - 1] W, n [l - 1] c]

$[n^{[l-1]}_H,n^{[l-1]}_W,n^{[l-1]}_c]$

输出矩阵的维度以channel-last展示为 $[n^{[l]}_H, n^{[l]}_W, n^{[l]}_c]$ ，各维度值如下：
$n^{[l]}_H = \frac{n^{[l-1]}_H+2p^{[l]}-f^{[l]}}{s^{[l]}} + 1$
$n^{[l]}_W = \frac{n^{[l-1]}_W+2p^{[l]}-f^{[l]}}{s^{[l]}} + 1$

下面的代码展示了图像卷积计算的方法

def conv_single_step(a_slice_prev, W, b):
    """
    Apply one filter defined by parameters W on a single slice (a_slice_prev) of the output activation
    of the previous layer.

    Arguments:
    a_slice_prev -- slice of input data of shape (f, f, n_C_prev)
    W -- Weight parameters contained in a window - matrix of shape (f, f, n_C_prev)
    b -- Bias parameters contained in a window - matrix of shape (1, 1, 1)

    Returns:
    Z -- a scalar value, result of convolving the sliding window (W, b) on a slice x of the input data
    """
    s = np.multiply(a_slice_prev, W) + b
    Z = np.sum(s)
    return Z


def conv_forward(A_prev, W, b, hparameters):
    """
    Implements the forward propagation for a convolution function

    Arguments:
    A_prev -- output activations of the previous layer, numpy array of shape (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev)
    W -- Weights, numpy array of shape (f, f, n_C_prev, n_C)
    b -- Biases, numpy array of shape (1, 1, 1, n_C)
    hparameters -- python dictionary containing "stride" and "pad"

    Returns:
    Z -- conv output, numpy array of shape (m, n_H, n_W, n_C)
    cache -- cache of values needed for the conv_backward() function
    """

    (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev) = A_prev.shape

    (f, f, n_C_prev, n_C) = W.shape

    stride = hparameters['stride']
    pad = hparameters['pad']

    n_H = int((n_H_prev - f + 2 * pad) / stride) + 1
    n_W = int((n_W_prev - f + 2 * pad) / stride) + 1

    # Initialize the output volume Z with zeros.
    Z = np.zeros((m, n_H, n_W, n_C))

    # Create A_prev_pad by padding A_prev
    A_prev_pad = zero_pad(A_prev, pad)

    for i in range(m):  # loop over the batch of training examples
        a_prev_pad = A_prev_pad[i]  # Select ith training example's padded activation
        for h in range(n_H):  
            for w in range(n_W): 
                for c in range(n_C):  # loop over channels (= #filters) of the output volume
                    # Find the corners of the current "slice"
                    vert_start = h * stride
                    vert_end = vert_start + f
                    horiz_start = w * stride
                    horiz_end = horiz_start + f
                    # Use the corners to define the (3D) slice of a_prev_pad (See Hint above the cell). 
                    a_slice_prev = a_prev_pad[vert_start:vert_end, horiz_start:horiz_end, :]
                    # Convolve the (3D) slice with the correct filter W and bias b, to get back one output neuron.
                    Z[i, h, w, c] = conv_single_step(a_slice_prev, W[..., c], b[..., c])

    assert (Z.shape == (m, n_H, n_W, n_C))

    cache = (A_prev, W, b, hparameters)

    return Z, cache

1.6 池化层

有两种类型的池化层，一种是最大值池化，一种是均值池化。
下图体现了最大池化的作用，其过滤器大小为2，步幅为2：
此处输入图片的描述
均值池化与最大池化不同的是计算相应区域的均值，而不是取最大值。
对池化层各维度值如下：
$n^{[l]}_H = \frac{n^{[l-1]}_H-f^{[l]}}{s^{[l]}} + 1$
$n^{[l]}_W = \frac{n^{[l-1]}_W-f^{[l]}}{s^{[l]}} + 1$
$n^{[l]}_c = num\_of\_filters$

下面的代码展示了池化的计算方法

def pool_forward(A_prev, hparameters, mode="max"):
    """
    Implements the forward pass of the pooling layer

    Arguments:
    A_prev -- Input data, numpy array of shape (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev)
    hparameters -- python dictionary containing "f" and "stride"
    mode -- the pooling mode you would like to use, defined as a string ("max" or "average")

    Returns:
    A -- output of the pool layer, a numpy array of shape (m, n_H, n_W, n_C)
    cache -- cache used in the backward pass of the pooling layer, contains the input and hparameters
    """

    (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev) = A_prev.shape
    f = hparameters["f"]
    stride = hparameters["stride"]

    # Define the dimensions of the output
    n_H = int(1 + (n_H_prev - f) / stride)
    n_W = int(1 + (n_W_prev - f) / stride)
    n_C = n_C_prev

    # Initialize output matrix A
    A = np.zeros((m, n_H, n_W, n_C))

    for i in range(m):
        for h in range(n_H):
            for w in range(n_W): 
                for c in range(n_C):  # loop over the channels of the output volume

                    vert_start = h * stride
                    vert_end = vert_start + f
                    horiz_start = w * stride
                    horiz_end = horiz_start + f

                    # Use the corners to define the current slice on the ith training example of A_prev, channel c. 
                    a_prev_slice = A_prev[i, vert_start:vert_end, horiz_start:horiz_end, c]

                    # Compute the pooling operation on the slice. Use an if statment to differentiate the modes. Use np.max/np.mean.
                    if mode == "max":
                        A[i, h, w, c] = np.max(a_prev_slice)
                    elif mode == "average":
                        A[i, h, w, c] = np.mean(a_prev_slice)

    cache = (A_prev, hparameters)
    assert (A.shape == (m, n_H, n_W, n_C))

    return A, cache

1.7 卷积神经网络的tensorflow实现

在前面几节展示了使用numpy进行卷积和池化计算的前向步骤，对于后向传播并没有实现。这是因为对于导数计算在神经网络的框架中是自动完成的，通常不需要去实现，因此未进行代码说明。

本节使用tensorflow来转换上面的核心步骤的代码。

代码示例：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import tensorflow as tf
import math


def create_placeholders(n_H0, n_W0, n_C0, n_y):
    X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, n_H0, n_W0, n_C0])
    Y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, n_y])

    return X, Y


def forward_propagation(X, parameters):
    """
    Implements the forward propagation for the model:
    CONV2D -> RELU -> MAXPOOL -> CONV2D -> RELU -> MAXPOOL -> FLATTEN -> FULLYCONNECTED

    Arguments:
    X -- input dataset placeholder, of shape (input size, number of examples)
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "W2"
                  the shapes are given in initialize_parameters

    Returns:
    Z3 -- the output of the last LINEAR unit
    """

    W1 = parameters['W1']
    W2 = parameters['W2']

    # CONV2D: stride of 1, padding 'SAME'
    Z1 = tf.nn.conv2d(X, W1, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    # RELU
    A1 = tf.nn.relu(Z1)
    # MAXPOOL: window 8x8, stride 8, padding 'SAME'
    P1 = tf.nn.max_pool(A1, ksize=[1, 8, 8, 1], strides=[1, 8, 8, 1], padding='SAME')
    # CONV2D: filters W2, stride 1, padding 'SAME'
    Z2 = tf.nn.conv2d(P1, W2, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    # RELU
    A2 = tf.nn.relu(Z2)
    # MAXPOOL: window 4x4, stride 4, padding 'SAME'
    P2 = tf.nn.max_pool(A2, ksize=[1, 4, 4, 1], strides=[1, 4, 4, 1], padding='SAME')
    # FLATTEN
    P = tf.contrib.layers.flatten(P2)
    # FULLY-CONNECTED without non-linear activation function
    Z3 = tf.contrib.layers.fully_connected(P, 6, activation_fn=None)

    return Z3


def compute_cost(Z3, Y):
    cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=Z3, labels=Y))
    return cost


def model(X_train, Y_train, X_test, Y_test, learning_rate=0.009, num_epochs=100, minibatch_size=64, print_cost=True):
    """
    Implements a three-layer ConvNet in Tensorflow:
    CONV2D -> RELU -> MAXPOOL -> CONV2D -> RELU -> MAXPOOL -> FLATTEN -> FULLYCONNECTED

    Arguments:
    X_train -- training set, of shape (None, 64, 64, 3)
    Y_train -- test set, of shape (None, n_y = 6)
    X_test -- training set, of shape (None, 64, 64, 3)
    Y_test -- test set, of shape (None, n_y = 6)
    learning_rate -- learning rate of the optimization
    num_epochs -- number of epochs of the optimization loop
    minibatch_size -- size of a minibatch
    print_cost -- True to print the cost every 100 epochs

    Returns:
    train_accuracy -- real number, accuracy on the train set (X_train)
    test_accuracy -- real number, testing accuracy on the test set (X_test)
    parameters -- parameters learnt by the model. They can then be used to predict.
    """

    (m, n_H0, n_W0, n_C0) = X_train.shape
    n_y = Y_train.shape[1]
    costs = []  # To keep track of the cost

    # Create Placeholders of the correct shape
    X, Y = create_placeholders(n_H0, n_W0, n_C0, n_y)

    # Initialize parameters
    W1 = tf.get_variable("W1", [4, 4, 3, 8], initializer=tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer(seed=0))
    W2 = tf.get_variable("W2", [2, 2, 8, 16], initializer=tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer(seed=0))

    parameters = {"W1": W1, "W2": W2}

    # Forward propagation: Build the forward propagation in the tensorflow graph
    Z3 = forward_propagation(X, parameters)

    # Cost function: Add cost function to tensorflow graph
    cost = compute_cost(Z3, Y)

    # Backpropagation: Define the tensorflow optimizer. Use an AdamOptimizer that minimizes the cost.
    optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate).minimize(cost)

    init = tf.global_variables_initializer()

    with tf.Session() as sess:

        sess.run(init)

        # Do the training loop
        for epoch in range(num_epochs):

            minibatch_cost = 0.
            num_minibatches = int(m / minibatch_size)  # number of minibatches of size minibatch_size in the train set
            seed = seed + 1
            minibatches = random_mini_batches(X_train, Y_train, minibatch_size, seed)

            for minibatch in minibatches:
                # Select a minibatch
                (minibatch_X, minibatch_Y) = minibatch

                # Run the session to execute the optimizer and the cost, the feedict should contain a minibatch for (X,Y).
                _, temp_cost = sess.run([optimizer, cost], feed_dict={X: minibatch_X, Y: minibatch_Y})

                minibatch_cost += temp_cost / num_minibatches

            # Print the cost every epoch
            if print_cost == True and epoch % 5 == 0:
                print ("Cost after epoch %i: %f" % (epoch, minibatch_cost))
            if print_cost == True and epoch % 1 == 0:
                costs.append(minibatch_cost)

        # plot the cost
        plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
        plt.ylabel('cost')
        plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
        plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
        plt.show()

        # Calculate the correct predictions
        predict_op = tf.argmax(Z3, 1)
        correct_prediction = tf.equal(predict_op, tf.argmax(Y, 1))

        # Calculate accuracy on the test set
        accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, "float"))
        print(accuracy)
        train_accuracy = accuracy.eval({X: X_train, Y: Y_train})
        test_accuracy = accuracy.eval({X: X_test, Y: Y_test})
        print("Train Accuracy:", train_accuracy)
        print("Test Accuracy:", test_accuracy)

        return train_accuracy, test_accuracy, parameters


def random_mini_batches(X, Y, mini_batch_size=64, seed=0):
    """
    Creates a list of random minibatches from (X, Y)

    Arguments:
    X -- input data, of shape (input size, number of examples)
    Y -- true "label" vector (1 for blue dot / 0 for red dot), of shape (1, number of examples)
    mini_batch_size -- size of the mini-batches, integer

    Returns:
    mini_batches -- list of synchronous (mini_batch_X, mini_batch_Y)
    """

    np.random.seed(seed)  # To make your "random" minibatches the same as ours
    m = X.shape[1]  # number of training examples
    mini_batches = []

    # Step 1: Shuffle (X, Y)
    permutation = list(np.random.permutation(m))
    shuffled_X = X[:, permutation]
    shuffled_Y = Y[:, permutation].reshape((1, m))

    # Step 2: Partition (shuffled_X, shuffled_Y). Minus the end case.
    num_complete_minibatches = math.floor(m / mini_batch_size)

    for k in range(0, num_complete_minibatches):

        mini_batch_X = shuffled_X[:, k * mini_batch_size: (k + 1) * mini_batch_size]
        mini_batch_Y = shuffled_Y[:, k * mini_batch_size: (k + 1) * mini_batch_size]

        mini_batch = (mini_batch_X, mini_batch_Y)
        mini_batches.append(mini_batch)

    # Handling the end case (last mini-batch < mini_batch_size)
    if m % mini_batch_size != 0:
        mini_batch_X = shuffled_X[:, num_complete_minibatches * mini_batch_size:]
        mini_batch_Y = shuffled_Y[:, num_complete_minibatches * mini_batch_size:]

        mini_batch = (mini_batch_X, mini_batch_Y)
        mini_batches.append(mini_batch)

    return mini_batches

2 深度卷积网络

本章主要通过介绍目前比较经典和流行的卷积神经网络的结构，学习如何从其中借鉴可用的经验。

2.1 经典卷积神经网络结构

2.1.1 LeNet-5

此处输入图片的描述

层名称	输入	卷积核/池化大小	输出	参数	连接数
C1	32×32	6，5×5，1×1	28×28×6	(5x5+1)x6=156	(5x5+1)x6x28x28=122304
S2	28×28×6	6，2×2，2×2	14×14×6	2x6=12	(2x2+1)x6x14x14=5880
C3	14×14×6	16，5×5，1×1	10×10×16	(5x5x3+1)x6 + (5x5x4 + 1) x 6 + (5x5x4 +1)x3 + (5x5x6+1)x1 = 1516	1516x10x10=151600
S4	10×10×16	16，2×2，2×2	5×5×16	2x16=32	(2x2+1)x5x5x16=2000
C5		5×5×16	120	(5x5x16+1)x120 = 48120	(5x5x16+1)x120 = 48120
F6		120	84	(120 + 1)x84=10164	(120 + 1)x84=10164
output		84	10	84x10=840	84x10=840

2.1.2 AlexNet

此处输入图片的描述

2.1.3 VGG-16

此处输入图片的描述

2.2 残差网络ResNet

由于存在梯度消失与梯度爆炸的问题，很深的神经网络是很难训练的。ResNet解决了这深层神经网络的训练问题，通过将前面层的结果通过增加的连接传递到后面更深的层次中。使得神经网络可以达到100层以上。

下图展示了残差网络的连接结构与普通网络的差别
此处输入图片的描述

上图结构的前向计算推导公式修正为:
$a^{[l+2]}=g(z^{[l+2]} + a^{[[l]})$

2.3 实现残差网络

本节我们借助于Keras实现一个残差网络-ResNet50。
此处输入图片的描述

其Identity残差块具有下面的结构。
此处输入图片的描述

其卷积残差块则具有下面的结构。
此处输入图片的描述

代码示例：

from keras.models import Model
from keras.layers import Input, Add, Dense, Activation, ZeroPadding2D, BatchNormalization, Flatten, Conv2D, AveragePooling2D, MaxPooling2D
from keras.initializers import glorot_uniform


def identity_block(X, f, filters, stage, block):
    """
    Implementation of the identity block

    Arguments:
    X -- input tensor of shape (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev)
    f -- integer, specifying the shape of the middle CONV's window for the main path
    filters -- python list of integers, defining the number of filters in the CONV layers of the main path
    stage -- integer, used to name the layers, depending on their position in the network
    block -- string/character, used to name the layers, depending on their position in the network

    Returns:
    X -- output of the identity block, tensor of shape (n_H, n_W, n_C)
    """

    # defining name basis
    conv_name_base = 'res' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'
    bn_name_base = 'bn' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'

    # Retrieve Filters
    F1, F2, F3 = filters

    # Save the input value. You'll need this later to add back to the main path.
    X_shortcut = X

    # First component of main path
    X = Conv2D(filters=F1, kernel_size=(1, 1), strides=(1, 1), padding='valid', name=conv_name_base + '2a', kernel_initializer=glorot_uniform(seed=0))(X)
    X = BatchNormalization(axis=3, name=bn_name_base + '2a')(X)
    X = Activation('relu')(X)

    # Second component of main path
    X = Conv2D(filters=F2, kernel_size=(f, f), strides=(1, 1), padding='same', name=conv_name_base + '2b', kernel_initializer=glorot_uniform(seed=0))(X)
    X = BatchNormalization(axis=3, name=bn_name_base + '2b')(X)
    X = Activation('relu')(X)

    # Third component of main path
    X = Conv2D(filters=F3, kernel_size=(1, 1), strides=(1, 1), padding='valid', name=conv_name_base + '2c', kernel_initializer=glorot_uniform(seed=0))(X)
    X = BatchNormalization(axis=3, name=bn_name_base + '2c')(X)

    # Final step: Add shortcut value to main path, and pass it through a RELU activation
    X = Add()([X, X_shortcut])
    X = Activation('relu')(X)

    return X


def convolutional_block(X, f, filters, stage, block, s=2):
    """
    Implementation of the convolutional block

    Arguments:
    X -- input tensor of shape (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev)
    f -- integer, specifying the shape of the middle CONV's window for the main path
    filters -- python list of integers, defining the number of filters in the CONV layers of the main path
    stage -- integer, used to name the layers, depending on their position in the network
    block -- string/character, used to name the layers, depending on their position in the network
    s -- Integer, specifying the stride to be used

    Returns:
    X -- output of the convolutional block, tensor of shape (n_H, n_W, n_C)
    """

    # defining name basis
    conv_name_base = 'res' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'
    bn_name_base = 'bn' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'

    # Retrieve Filters
    F1, F2, F3 = filters

    # Save the input value
    X_shortcut = X

    # First component of main path
    X = Conv2D(filters=F1, kernel_size=(1, 1), strides=(s, s), padding='valid', name=conv_name_base + '2a', kernel_initializer=glorot_uniform(seed=0))(X)
    X = BatchNormalization(axis=3, name=bn_name_base + '2a')(X)
    X = Activation('relu')(X)

    # Second component of main path
    X = Conv2D(filters=F2, kernel_size=(f, f), strides=(1, 1), padding='same', name=conv_name_base + '2b', kernel_initializer=glorot_uniform(seed=0))(X)
    X = BatchNormalization(axis=3, name=bn_name_base + '2b')(X)
    X = Activation('relu')(X)

    # Third component of main path
    X = Conv2D(filters=F3, kernel_size=(1, 1), strides=(1, 1), padding='valid', name=conv_name_base + '2c', kernel_initializer=glorot_uniform(seed=0))(X)
    X = BatchNormalization(axis=3, name=bn_name_base + '2c')(X)

    X_shortcut = Conv2D(filters=F3, kernel_size=(1, 1), strides=(s, s), padding='valid', name=conv_name_base + '1', kernel_initializer=glorot_uniform(seed=0))(X_shortcut)
    X_shortcut = BatchNormalization(axis=3, name=bn_name_base + '1')(X_shortcut)

    # Final step: Add shortcut value to main path, and pass it through a RELU activation
    X = Add()([X, X_shortcut])
    X = Activation('relu')(X)

    return X


def ResNet50(input_shape=(64, 64, 3), classes=6):
    """
    Implementation of the popular ResNet50:
    STAGE1:CONV2D -> BATCHNORM -> RELU -> MAXPOOL -> 
    STAGE2:CONVBLOCK -> IDBLOCK*2 -> 
    STAGE3:CONVBLOCK -> IDBLOCK*3 -> 
    STAGE4:CONVBLOCK -> IDBLOCK*5 ->
    STAGE5:CONVBLOCK -> IDBLOCK*2 ->
           AVGPOOL -> TOPLAYER
    """

    X_input = Input(input_shape)
    X = ZeroPadding2D((3, 3))(X_input)

    # Stage 1
    X = Conv2D(64, (7, 7), strides=(2, 2), name='conv1', kernel_initializer=glorot_uniform(seed=0))(X)
    X = BatchNormalization(axis=3, name='bn_conv1')(X)
    X = Activation('relu')(X)
    X = MaxPooling2D((3, 3), strides=(2, 2))(X)

    # Stage 2
    X = convolutional_block(X, f=3, filters=[64, 64, 256], stage=2, block='a', s=1)
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [64, 64, 256], stage=2, block='b')
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [64, 64, 256], stage=2, block='c')

    # Stage 3
    X = convolutional_block(X, f=3, filters=[128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='a', s=2)
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='b')
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='c')
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='d')

    # Stage 4
    X = convolutional_block(X, f=3, filters=[256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='a', s=2)
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='b')
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='c')
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='d')
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='e')
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='f')

    # Stage 5
    X = X = convolutional_block(X, f=3, filters=[512, 512, 2048], stage=5, block='a', s=2)
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [512, 512, 2048], stage=5, block='b')
    X = identity_block(X, 3, [512, 512, 2048], stage=5, block='c')

    # AVGPOOL. Use "X = AveragePooling2D(...)(X)"
    X = AveragePooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2), padding='same')(X)

    # output layer
    X = Flatten()(X)
    X = Dense(classes, activation='softmax', name='fc' + str(classes), kernel_initializer=glorot_uniform(seed=0))(X)

    # Create model
    model = Model(inputs=X_input, outputs=X, name='ResNet50')

    return model



X_train_orig, Y_train_orig, X_test_orig, Y_test_orig, classes = load_dataset()
# Normalize image vectors
X_train = X_train_orig / 255.
X_test = X_test_orig / 255.

# Convert training and test labels to one hot matrices
Y_train = convert_to_one_hot(Y_train_orig, 6).T
Y_test = convert_to_one_hot(Y_test_orig, 6).T


model = ResNet50(input_shape=(64, 64, 3), classes=6)
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(X_train, Y_train, epochs = 2, batch_size = 32)

2.4 谷歌Inception网络

下图展示了Inception网络连接结构
此处输入图片的描述

每个Inception块的结构
此处输入图片的描述

2.5 善用开源实现

在github上已经有他人实现良好的神经网络了，如果独自实现一种神经网络有难度，不妨在github上搜索有没有人已经完成了你想做的工作。

不仅是代码，github上也有他人已经训练好的针对某些任务的模型。借助于迁移学习，可以将他人训练的模型派上用场。

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