16 and 64 QAM LabVIEW

Introduction In this lab, we aim at analyzing the BER for PSK in AWGN channel on LabVIEW. And achieve two kinds of basic QAM which are 16 QAM and 64 QAM. After that, we recorded the BER of each PSK with different SNR. By analysis data, we can find that when the SNR increased, the BER decreased. Then we use USRP to simulate these programs. Before we do this experiment, we need to know some theoretical knowledge. Like, the principle of 16 QAM and 64 QAM. So in this report, I’d like to make a brief introduction of them. Principle of QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM utilises both amplitude and phase components to provide a form of modulation that is able to provide high levels of spectrum usage efficiency. Figure 1 The concept of QAM It has been used for some analogue transmissions including AM stereo transmissions, but it is for data applications where it has come into its own. It is able to provide a highly effective form of modulation for data and as such it is used in everything from cellular phones to Wi-Fi and almost every other form of high speed data communications system. When QAM was used for digital transmission for radio communications applications is able to carry higher data rates than ordinary amplitude modulated schemes and phase modulated schemes. Basic signals exhibit only two positions which allow the transfer of either a 0 or 1. Using QAM there are many different points that can be used, each having defined values of phase and amplitude. This is known as a constellation diagram. The different positions are assigned different values, and in this way a single signal is able to transfer data at a much higher rate. Figure 2 Constellation diagram for a 16QAM signal showing the location of the different points As shown above, the constellation points are typically arranged in a square grid with equal horizontal and vertical spacing. Although data is binary the most common forms of QAM, although not all, are where constellation can form a square with the number of points equal to a power of 2 i.e. 4, 16, 64 . . .., i.e. 16QAM, 64QAM, etc. By using higher order modulation formats, i.e. more points on the constellation, it is possible to transmit more bits per symbol. However, the points are closer together and they are therefore more susceptible to noise and data errors. The advantage of moving to the higher order formats is that there are more points within the constellation and therefore it is possible to transmit more bits per symbol. The downside is that the constellation points are closer together and therefore the link is more susceptible to noise. As a result, higher order versions of QAM are only used when there is a sufficiently high signal to noise ratio. To provide an example of how QAM operates, the constellation diagram below shows the values associated with the different states for a 16QAM signal. The 64QAM table can also generated by same method. From this it can be seen that a continuous bit stream may be grouped into fours and represented as a sequence. Figure 3 Bit sequence mapping for a 16QAM signal   By using this method, we can generate the table which contains the bits per symbol and symbol rate of all QAM. MODULATION BITS PER SYMBOL SYMBOL RATE BPSK 1 1 x bit rate QPSK 2 1/2 bit rate 16QAM 4 1/4 bit rate 32QAM 5 1/5 bit rate 64QAM 6 1/6 bit rate     Process In this lab, our teacher has given a completed program chart to us for reference. So we are expected to build two sub-Vis: modulate.vi and demodulate.vi. We followed the lab instruments to complete modulate.vi and demodulate.vi successfully. Here is the process: Get the complete program and open it. We will see a program chart. Figure 4 The diagram of awgn_simple_sim.vi   The original blocks are cryptographic. Although we cannot open them, we can see the input and output of each block. And we can generate the program by using principle of QAM. Then we can replace the teacher’s sub vi. The program diagram of modulate term. Figure 5 The program diagram of modulate   The program diagram of demodulate. Figure 6 The program diagram of demodulate Then we can see the result of the program. The results and performances of different kinds of PSK are shown in the Figure 7 to Figure 15. Figure 7 Data symbols of BPSK Figure 8 Received symbols of BPSK Figure 9 Data symbols of QPSK Figure 10 Received symbols of QPSK Figure 11 Received symbols of 16QAM Figure 12 Data symbols of 16QAM Figure 13 Data symbols of 64QAM Figure 14 Received symbols of 64QAM with noise’s power is -20dB Figure 15 Received symbols of 64QAM with noise’s power is -30dB We can find that the results and performances of four kinds of PSK are same with the performances in theory. In the figure 14, we can find that the received symbols are unclearly. In order to solve this problem, we can adjust the power of noise. The result was shown in figure 15. Then we can test and record the average bit error rate with different kinds of PSK under different signal to noise ratios. The result of four types of PSK are shown like this figure. Figure 16 The relationship between BER and SNR We can find that for same kind of PSK, when the SNR increased, the BER decreased. Then we can simulate this program in USRP. And see the performances of the program in different situations. The results of this program in USRP are shown in Figure 17 to Figure 22. Figure 17 Signal constellation of 16QAM in USRP Figure 18 Eye diagram of 16QAM in USRP Figure 19 Received signal of 16 QAM in USRP Figure 20 Signal constellation of 64QAM in USRP Figure 21 Eye diagram of 64QAM in USRP Figure 22 Received signal of 16 QAM in USRP By obverting these figures, we can get that the BER of 16QAM is 0.0838 and the BER of 64QAM is 0.114242. I think the reason why these two BER are not as same as we except is that number of iteration is too small.

Experience The advantage and disadvantage of QAM Although QAM appears to increase the efficiency of transmission for radio communications systems by utilising both amplitude and phase variations, it has a number of drawbacks. The first is that it is more susceptible to noise because the states are closer together so that a lower level of noise is needed to move the signal to a different decision point. Receivers for use with phase or frequency modulation are both able to use limiting amplifiers that are able to remove any amplitude noise and thereby improve the noise reliance. This is not the case with QAM. The second limitation is also associated with the amplitude component of the signal. When a phase or frequency modulated signal is amplified in a radio transmitter, there is no need to use linear amplifiers, whereas when using QAM that contains an amplitude component, linearity must be maintained. Unfortunately, linear amplifiers are less efficient and consume more power, and this makes them less attractive for mobile applications. Reason analysis I think the reason why these two BER are not as same as we except is that number of iteration is too small. The disturbed frequencies near us In the class, there were too many students simulate their program on USRP with the frequency 2.4GHZ at the same time. The result will be disturbed or interference. So that we need to change the frequency when there are many same frequencies near us.