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Mesh（网格，三角面）是构成空间形体的基本元素，前面的正方形也是由两个Mesh构成的。本篇将介绍使用Mesh构成四面体，椎体等基本空间形体。
Design设计
在使用OpenGL 框架时一个好的设计原则是使用“Composite Pattern”（组合模式），本篇采用如下设计：
Mesh
首先定义一个基类 Mesh,所有空间形体最基本的构成元素为Mesh（三角形网格） ，其基本定义如下：
public class Mesh {
// Our vertex buffer.
private FloatBuffer verticesBuffer = null;
// Our index buffer.
private ShortBuffer indicesBuffer = null;
// The number of indices.
private int numOfIndices = -1;
// Flat Color
private float[] rgba
= new float[] { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
// Smooth Colors
private FloatBuffer colorBuffer = null;
// Translate params.
public float x = 0;
public float y = 0;
public float z = 0;
// Rotate params.
public float rx = 0;
public float ry = 0;
public float rz = 0;
public void draw(GL10 gl) {
// Counter-clockwise winding.
gl.glFrontFace(GL10.GL_CCW);
// Enable face culling.
gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE);
// What faces to remove with the face culling.
gl.glCullFace(GL10.GL_BACK);
// Enabled the vertices buffer for writing and
//to be used during
// rendering.
gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
// Specifies the location and data format
//of an array of vertex
// coordinates to use when rendering.
gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, verticesBuffer);
// Set flat color
gl.glColor4f(rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2], rgba[3]);
// Smooth color
if (colorBuffer != null) {
// Enable the color array buffer to be
//used during rendering.
gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
gl.glColorPointer(4, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, colorBuffer);
}
gl.glTranslatef(x, y, z);
gl.glRotatef(rx, 1, 0, 0);
gl.glRotatef(ry, 0, 1, 0);
gl.glRotatef(rz, 0, 0, 1);
// Point out the where the color buffer is.
gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, numOfIndices,
GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, indicesBuffer);
// Disable the vertices buffer.
gl.glDisableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
// Disable face culling.
gl.glDisable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE);
}
protected void setVertices(float[] vertices) {
// a float is 4 bytes, therefore
//we multiply the number if
// vertices with 4.
ByteBuffer vbb
= ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(vertices.length * 4);
vbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
verticesBuffer = vbb.asFloatBuffer();
verticesBuffer.put(vertices);
verticesBuffer.position(0);
}
protected void setIndices(short[] indices) {
// short is 2 bytes, therefore we multiply
//the number if
// vertices with 2.
ByteBuffer ibb
= ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(indices.length * 2);
ibb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
indicesBuffer = ibb.asShortBuffer();
indicesBuffer.put(indices);
indicesBuffer.position(0);
numOfIndices = indices.length;
}
protected void setColor(float red, float green,
float blue, float alpha) {
// Setting the flat color.
rgba[0] = red;
rgba[1] = green;
rgba[2] = blue;
rgba[3] = alpha;
}
protected void setColors(float[] colors) {
// float has 4 bytes.
ByteBuffer cbb
= ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(colors.length * 4);
cbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
colorBuffer = cbb.asFloatBuffer();
colorBuffer.put(colors);
colorBuffer.position(0);
}
}
- setVertices 允许子类重新定义顶点坐标。
- setIndices 允许子类重新定义顶点的顺序。
- setColor /setColors允许子类重新定义颜色。
- x,y,z 定义了平移变换的参数。
- rx,ry,rz 定义旋转变换的参数。
Plane
有了Mesh定义之后，再来构造Plane，plane可以有宽度，高度和深度，宽度定义为沿X轴方向的长度，深度定义为沿Z轴方向长度，高度为Y轴方向。
Segments为形体宽度，高度，深度可以分成的份数。 Segments在构造一个非均匀分布的Surface特别有用，比如在一个游戏场景中，构造地貌，使的Z轴的值随机分布在-0.1到0.1之间，然后给它渲染好看的材质就可以造成地图凹凸不平的效果。
上面图形中Segments为一正方形，但在OpenGL中我们需要使用三角形，所有需要将Segments分成两个三角形。为Plane 定义两个构造函数：
// Let you decide the size of the plane but still only one segment.
public Plane(float width, float height)
// For alla your settings.
public Plane(float width, float height, int widthSegments, int heightSegments)
比如构造一个1 unit 宽和 1 unit高，并分成4个Segments，使用图形表示如下：
左边的图显示了segments ,右边的图为需要创建的Face（三角形）。
Plane类的定义如下：
public class Plane extends Mesh {
public Plane() {
this(1, 1, 1, 1);
}
public Plane(float width, float height) {
this(width, height, 1, 1);
}
public Plane(float width, float height, int widthSegments,
int heightSegments) {
float[] vertices = new float[(widthSegments + 1) * (heightSegments + 1)
* 3];
short[] indices = new short[(widthSegments + 1) * (heightSegments + 1)
* 6];
float xOffset = width / -2;
float yOffset = height / -2;
float xWidth = width / (widthSegments);
float yHeight = height / (heightSegments);
int currentVertex = 0;
int currentIndex = 0;
short w = (short) (widthSegments + 1);
for (int y = 0; y < heightSegments + 1; y++) {
for (int x = 0; x < widthSegments + 1; x++) {
vertices[currentVertex] = xOffset + x * xWidth;
vertices[currentVertex + 1] = yOffset + y * yHeight;
vertices[currentVertex + 2] = 0;
currentVertex += 3;
int n = y * (widthSegments + 1) + x;
if (y < heightSegments && x < widthSegments) {
// Face one
indices[currentIndex] = (short) n;
indices[currentIndex + 1] = (short) (n + 1);
indices[currentIndex + 2] = (short) (n + w);
// Face two
indices[currentIndex + 3] = (short) (n + 1);
indices[currentIndex + 4] = (short) (n + 1 + w);
indices[currentIndex + 5] = (short) (n + 1 + w - 1);
currentIndex += 6;
}
}
}
setIndices(indices);
setVertices(vertices);
}
}Cube
下面来定义一个正方体（Cube），为简单起见，这个四面体只可以设置宽度，高度，和深度，没有和Plane一样提供Segments支持。
public class Cube extends Mesh {
public Cube(float width, float height, float depth) {
width /= 2;
height /= 2;
depth /= 2;
float vertices[] = { -width, -height, -depth, // 0
width, -height, -depth, // 1
width, height, -depth, // 2
-width, height, -depth, // 3
-width, -height, depth, // 4
width, -height, depth, // 5
width, height, depth, // 6
-width, height, depth, // 7
};
short indices[] = { 0, 4, 5,
0, 5, 1,
1, 5, 6,
1, 6, 2,
2, 6, 7,
2, 7, 3,
3, 7, 4,
3, 4, 0,
4, 7, 6,
4, 6, 5,
3, 0, 1,
3, 1, 2, };
setIndices(indices);
setVertices(vertices);
}
}
Group
Group可以用来管理多个空间几何形体，如果把Mesh比作Android的View ,Group可以看作Android的ViewGroup，Android的View的设计也是采用的“Composite Pattern”。
Group的主要功能是把针对Group的操作（如draw)分发到Group中的每个成员对应的操作（如draw)。
Group定义如下：
public class Group extends Mesh {
private Vector<Mesh> children = new Vector<Mesh>();
@Override
public void draw(GL10 gl) {
int size = children.size();
for( int i = 0; i < size; i++)
children.get(i).draw(gl);
}
/**
* @param location
* @param object
* @see java.util.Vector#add(int, java.lang.Object)
*/
public void add(int location, Mesh object) {
children.add(location, object);
}
/**
* @param object
* @return
* @see java.util.Vector#add(java.lang.Object)
*/
public boolean add(Mesh object) {
return children.add(object);
}
/**
*
* @see java.util.Vector#clear()
*/
public void clear() {
children.clear();
}
/**
* @param location
* @return
* @see java.util.Vector#get(int)
*/
public Mesh get(int location) {
return children.get(location);
}
/**
* @param location
* @return
* @see java.util.Vector#remove(int)
*/
public Mesh remove(int location) {
return children.remove(location);
}
/**
* @param object
* @return
* @see java.util.Vector#remove(java.lang.Object)
*/
public boolean remove(Object object) {
return children.remove(object);
}
/**
* @return
* @see java.util.Vector#size()
*/
public int size() {
return children.size();
}
}Genderer代码：
public class OpenGLRenderer implements GLSurfaceView.Renderer {
private Mesh root;
public OpenGLRenderer() {
// Initialize our cube.
Group group = new Group();
Cube cube = new Cube(1, 1, 1);
cube.rx = 45;
cube.ry = 45;
group.add(cube);
root = group;
}
/*
* (non-Javadoc)
*
* @see
* android.opengl.GLSurfaceView.Renderer#onSurfaceCreated(javax.microedition
* .khronos.opengles.GL10, javax.microedition.khronos.egl.EGLConfig)
*/
@Override
public void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 gl, javax.microedition.khronos.egl.EGLConfig eglConfig) {
// Set the background color to black ( rgba ).
gl.glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.5f);
// Enable Smooth Shading, default not really needed.
gl.glShadeModel(GL10.GL_SMOOTH);
// Depth buffer setup.
gl.glClearDepthf(1.0f);
// Enables depth testing.
gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_DEPTH_TEST);
// The type of depth testing to do.
gl.glDepthFunc(GL10.GL_LEQUAL);
// Really nice perspective calculations.
gl.glHint(GL10.GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL10.GL_NICEST);
}
/*
* (non-Javadoc)
*
* @see
* android.opengl.GLSurfaceView.Renderer#onDrawFrame(javax.microedition.
* khronos.opengles.GL10)
*/
@Override
public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) {
// Clears the screen and depth buffer.
gl.glClear(GL10.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL10.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
// Replace the current matrix with the identity matrix
gl.glLoadIdentity();
// Translates 4 units into the screen.
gl.glTranslatef(0, 0, -4);
// Draw our scene.
root.draw(gl);
}
/*
* (non-Javadoc)
*
* @see
* android.opengl.GLSurfaceView.Renderer#onSurfaceChanged(javax.microedition
* .khronos.opengles.GL10, int, int)
*/
@Override
public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 gl, int width, int height) {
// Sets the current view port to the new size.
gl.glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
// Select the projection matrix
gl.glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_PROJECTION);
// Reset the projection matrix
gl.glLoadIdentity();
// Calculate the aspect ratio of the window
GLU.gluPerspective(gl, 45.0f, (float) width / (float) height, 0.1f,
100.0f);
// Select the modelview matrix
gl.glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_MODELVIEW);
// Reset the modelview matrix
gl.glLoadIdentity();
}
}其它建议
上面我们定义里Mesh, Plane, Cube等基本空间几何形体，对于构造复杂图形（如人物），可以预先创建一些通用的几何形体，如果在组合成较复杂的形体。除了上面的基本形体外，可以创建如Cone，Pryamid, Cylinder等基本形体以备后用。
本例示例代码显示结果如下：
代码下载：
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