本文探讨了Tomcat7中DefaultServlet处理静态文件的方式，特别是如何根据HTTP缓存策略决定返回304 Not Modified或200状态。在F5刷新时，静态资源如CSS和GIF通常返回304，而JSP作为Servlet始终返回200。源码分析显示，DefaultServlet会检查服务端缓存，通过If-None-Match和If-Modified-Since头来判断是否需要重新发送资源。对于大文件，会考虑使用sendfile优化。此外，还介绍了缓存的有效期和更新机制，以及哪些路径下的文件不会被缓存。
问题的起因是，用网页打开tomcat7服务器上一个只有静态内容的jsp页面，里面链接了gif文件，F5刷新的时候，css和gif文件请求返回304 not Mofified 头，而jsp请求还是返回200（想搞破坏，把jsp也可以在通过304返回头直接读取客户端缓存，但jsp是servlet只能在servlet容器中运行。。。）
先来看下tomcat7的DefaultServlet的源码：
服务端通过resource.lookupCache(path)从服务端缓存中读取资源获得CacheEntry，如果请求资源不存在CacheEntry.exists为false，则返回404。然后通过checkIfHeaders(request, response, cacheEntry.attributes)方法根据客户端请求头的If-None-Match，If-Modified-Since来判断请求资源是否被修改，如果未被修改，则返回304头，户端直接从客户端缓存中读取资源文件。如果第一次访问或者ctrl+F5强制刷新或者资源已修改过，默认返回Etag和Last-Modified头，，告知客户端下次访问可以通过If-None-Match，If-Modified-Since比较返回304来判断是否可使用客户端缓存。还有设置文件内容，content-length，range头等，最后输出内容：
if (!checkSendfile(request, response, cacheEntry, contentLength, null))
copy(cacheEntry, renderResult, ostream);
如果文件超过48k，判断是否使用sendfile来输出大文件。
请求头中通过range请求部分下载，则：
if (!checkSendfile(request, response, cacheEntry, range.end - range.start + 1, range))
copy(cacheEntry, ostream, range);
protected void serveResource(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response,
boolean content)
throws IOException, ServletException {
boolean serveContent = content;
// Identify the requested resource path
String path = getRelativePath(request);
if (debug > 0) {
if (serveContent)
log("DefaultServlet.serveResource: Serving resource '" +
path + "' headers and data");
else
log("DefaultServlet.serveResource: Serving resource '" +
path + "' headers only");
}
// 从服务端缓存中读取资源
CacheEntry cacheEntry = resources.lookupCache(path);
//请求资源不存在，则返回404
if (!cacheEntry.exists) {
// Check if we're included so we can return the appropriate
// missing resource name in the error
String requestUri = (String) request.getAttribute(
RequestDispatcher.INCLUDE_REQUEST_URI);
if (requestUri == null) {
requestUri = request.getRequestURI();
} else {
// We're included
// SRV.9.3 says we must throw a FNFE
throw new FileNotFoundException(
sm.getString("defaultServlet.missingResource",
requestUri));
}
response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND,
requestUri);
return;
}
// If the resource is not a collection, and the resource path
// ends with "/" or "\", return NOT FOUND
if (cacheEntry.context == null) {
if (path.endsWith("/") || (path.endsWith("\\"))) {
// Check if we're included so we can return the appropriate
// missing resource name in the error
String requestUri = (String) request.getAttribute(
RequestDispatcher.INCLUDE_REQUEST_URI);
if (requestUri == null) {
requestUri = request.getRequestURI();
}
response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND,
requestUri);
return;
}
}
boolean isError =
response.getStatus() >= HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST;
// Check if the conditions specified in the optional If headers are
// satisfied.
if (cacheEntry.context == null) {
// Checking If headers
boolean included = (request.getAttribute(
RequestDispatcher.INCLUDE_CONTEXT_PATH) != null);
//checkIfHeaders根据客户端请求头的If-None-Match，If-Modified-Since
//来判断请求资源是否被修改，如果未被修改，则返回304头
//客户端直接从客户端缓存中读取资源文件。
if (!included && !isError &&
!checkIfHeaders(request, response, cacheEntry.attributes)) {
return;
}
}
// Find content type.
String contentType = cacheEntry.attributes.getMimeType();
if (contentType == null) {
contentType = getServletContext().getMimeType(cacheEntry.name);
cacheEntry.attributes.setMimeType(contentType);
}
ArrayList<Range> ranges = null;
long contentLength = -1L;
if (cacheEntry.context != null) {
// Skip directory listings if we have been configured to
// suppress them
if (!listings) {
response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND,
request.getRequestURI());
return;
}
contentType = "text/html;charset=UTF-8";
} else {
if (!isError) {
//第一次访问或者ctrl+F5强制刷新或者前面资源已修改过，静态文件处理
//默认返回Etag和Last-Modified，告知客户端下次访问可以
//通过If-None-Match，If-Modified-Since比较返回304来判断是否可使用客户端缓存
if (useAcceptRanges) {
// Accept ranges header
response.setHeader("Accept-Ranges", "bytes");
}
// Parse range specifier
ranges = parseRange(request, response, cacheEntry.attributes);
// ETag header
response.setHeader("ETag", cacheEntry.attributes.getETag());
// Last-Modified header
response.setHeader("Last-Modified",
cacheEntry.attributes.getLastModifiedHttp());
}
// Get content length
contentLength = cacheEntry.attributes.getContentLength();
// Special case for zero length files, which would cause a
// (silent) ISE when setting the output buffer size
if (contentLength == 0L) {
serveContent = false;
}
}
ServletOutputStream ostream = null;
PrintWriter writer = null;
if (serveContent) {
// Trying to retrieve the servlet output stream
try {
ostream = response.getOutputStream();
} catch (IllegalStateException e) {
// If it fails, we try to get a Writer instead if we're
// trying to serve a text file
if ( (contentType == null)
|| (contentType.startsWith("text"))
|| (contentType.endsWith("xml"))
|| (contentType.contains("/javascript")) ) {
writer = response.getWriter();
// Cannot reliably serve partial content with a Writer
ranges = FULL;
} else {
throw e;
}
}
}
// Check to see if a Filter, Valve of wrapper has written some content.
// If it has, disable range requests and setting of a content length
// since neither can be done reliably.
ServletResponse r = response;
long contentWritten = 0;
while (r instanceof ServletResponseWrapper) {
r = ((ServletResponseWrapper) r).getResponse();
}
if (r instanceof ResponseFacade) {
contentWritten = ((ResponseFacade) r).getContentWritten();
}
if (contentWritten > 0) {
ranges = FULL;
}
if ( (cacheEntry.context != null)
|| isError
|| ( ((ranges == null) || (ranges.isEmpty()))
&& (request.getHeader("Range") == null) )
|| (ranges == FULL) ) {
// Set the appropriate output headers
if (contentType != null) {
if (debug > 0)
log("DefaultServlet.serveFile: contentType='" +
contentType + "'");
response.setContentType(contentType);
}
if ((cacheEntry.resource != null) && (contentLength >= 0)
&& (!serveContent || ostream != null)) {
if (debug > 0)
log("DefaultServlet.serveFile: contentLength=" +
contentLength);
// Don't set a content length if something else has already
// written to the response.
if (contentWritten == 0) {
if (contentLength < Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
response.setContentLength((int) contentLength);
} else {
// Set the content-length as String to be able to use a
// long
response.setHeader("content-length",
"" + contentLength);
}
}
}
InputStream renderResult = null;
if (cacheEntry.context != null) {
if (serveContent) {
// Serve the directory browser
renderResult = render(getPathPrefix(request), cacheEntry);
}
}
// Copy the input stream to our output stream (if requested)
if (serveContent) {
try {
response.setBufferSize(output);
} catch (IllegalStateException e) {
// Silent catch
}
if (ostream != null) {
//这里是content输出，判断是否使用sendfile来输出大文件
if (!checkSendfile(request, response, cacheEntry, contentLength, null))
copy(cacheEntry, renderResult, ostream);
} else {
copy(cacheEntry, renderResult, writer);
}
}
} else {
//
if ((ranges == null) || (ranges.isEmpty()))
return;
// Partial content response.
response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT);
if (ranges.size() == 1) {
Range range = ranges.get(0);
response.addHeader("Content-Range", "bytes "
+ range.start
+ "-" + range.end + "/"
+ range.length);
long length = range.end - range.start + 1;
if (length < Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
response.setContentLength((int) length);
} else {
// Set the content-length as String to be able to use a long
response.setHeader("content-length", "" + length);
}
if (contentType != null) {
if (debug > 0)
log("DefaultServlet.serveFile: contentType='" +
contentType + "'");
response.setContentType(contentType);
}
if (serveContent) {
try {
response.setBufferSize(output);
} catch (IllegalStateException e) {
// Silent catch
}
if (ostream != null) {
//Range来实现资源文件部分内容传输
if (!checkSendfile(request, response, cacheEntry, range.end - range.start + 1, range))
copy(cacheEntry, ostream, range);
} else {
// we should not get here
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
}
} else {
response.setContentType("multipart/byteranges; boundary="
+ mimeSeparation);
if (serveContent) {
try {
response.setBufferSize(output);
} catch (IllegalStateException e) {
// Silent catch
}
if (ostream != null) {
copy(cacheEntry, ostream, ranges.iterator(),
contentType);
} else {
// we should not get here
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
}
}
}
}首先从存在的资源缓存cache中查找，未找到则从不存在的资源的缓存notFoundCache中查找。如果找到，检查缓存是否有效。cache默认有效期5秒，5秒之内不检查原文件是否有修改，超过有效期，需要验证原文件的lastModified和ContendLenth和缓存中的是否一致，不一致清除缓存，一致则更新缓存的timestap再次5秒有效期。（这样的话，如果修改css或js等静态文件，如果测试的人一直访问（5秒间隔内）这个页面，导致静态文件一直从服务端缓存中读取，那样无论是否强制刷新修改都不会生效啊。）未找到则生成CacheEntry，加载到相应的cache 或notFoundCache中。当然，nonCacheable数组默认/WEB-INF/lib/, /WEB-INF/classes/路径下文件都不从缓存获取。这里cache缓存设计成一个有序数组，而notFoundCache设计为一个HashMap，cache操作稍微复杂点。难道是因为cache释放内存需要更细粒度的控制?
protected CacheEntry cacheLookup(String lookupName) {
if (cache == null)
return (null);
String name;
if (lookupName == null) {
name = "";
} else {
name = lookupName;
}
//无法被缓存的资源：/WEB-INF/lib/, /WEB-INF/classes/
for (int i = 0; i < nonCacheable.length; i++) {
if (name.startsWith(nonCacheable[i])) {
return (null);
}
}
//
CacheEntry cacheEntry = cache.lookup(name);
if (cacheEntry == null) {
cacheEntry = new CacheEntry();
cacheEntry.name = name;
// Load entry
cacheLoad(cacheEntry);
} else {
/*cache有效期5秒，5秒之内不检查原文件是否有修改，超过有效期，
需要验证原文件的lastModified和ContendLenth和缓存中的是否一致，
不一致清除缓存，一致则更新缓存的timestap再次5秒有效期。*/
if (!validate(cacheEntry)) {
if (!revalidate(cacheEntry)) {
cacheUnload(cacheEntry.name);
return (null);
} else {
cacheEntry.timestamp =
System.currentTimeMillis() + cacheTTL;
}
}
cacheEntry.accessCount++;
}
return (cacheEntry);
}
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