前言
旧版本的HttpClient已经停止维护了,它已经被Apache HttpComponents项目的HttpClient和HttpCore模块替代。Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)也许是当今互联网上使用的最为重要的协议。虽然java.net package提供了基本的从HTTP获取资源的功能,但是它不提供全面的灵活性或许多应用程序所需的功能。HttpClient试图填补这一空白,通过提供一个有效的、最新的、功能丰富的方案实现客户端最近的HTTP标准和建议。注意HttpClient不是浏览器,而是一个客户端HTTP传输库,目的是传送和接收HTTP信息,它缺少浏览器需要的UI, HTML渲染器和JavaScript引擎。可以直接到官网下载,或者使用maven配置。HttpClient 4.5 需要Java 1.5或者更新的版本。
- <dependency>
- <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
- <artifactId>httpcore</artifactId>
- <version>4.4.6</version>
- </dependency>
- <dependency>
- <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
- <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
- <version>4.5.3</version>
- </dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpcore</artifactId>
<version>4.4.6</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
<version>4.5.3</version>
</dependency>
HttpClient最基本的功能是执行HTTP方法,执行一个HTTP方法包含了一个或者几个的HTTP REQUEST/HTTP RESPONSE交换,这通常在HttpClient内部处理。用户提供一个被执行的请求对象,HttpClient传送这个请求到目标服务器并且返回一个对应的响应对象,或者当请求不成功时抛出一个异常。所有的HTTP请求都有一行,它包含了请求请求方法名、请求URI和HTTP协议版本(1.0或者1.1)。
请求
HttpClient支持开箱即用的,所有定义在HTTP/1.1规范中的方法:GET、HEAD、POST、PUT、DELETE、TRACE、OPTIONS。每个方法类型都有一个指定的类:HttpGet、HttpHead、HttpPost、HttpPut、HttpDelete、HttpTrace、HttpOptions。
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(
- ”http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=httpclient&btnG=Google+Search&aq=f&oq=”);
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(
"http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=httpclient&btnG=Google+Search&aq=f&oq=");
HttpClient也提供了URIBuilder用于构建URI。
- URI uri = new URIBuilder()
- .setScheme(”http”)
- .setHost(”www.google.com”)
- .setPath(”/search”)
- .setParameter(”q”, “httpclient”)
- .setParameter(”btnG”, “Google Search”)
- .setParameter(”aq”, “f”)
- .setParameter(”oq”, “”)
- .build();
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(uri);
- System.out.println(httpget.getURI());//http://www.google.com/search?q=httpclient&btnG=Google+Search&aq=f&oq=
URI uri = new URIBuilder()
.setScheme("http")
.setHost("www.google.com")
.setPath("/search")
.setParameter("q", "httpclient")
.setParameter("btnG", "Google Search")
.setParameter("aq", "f")
.setParameter("oq", "")
.build();
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(uri);
System.out.println(httpget.getURI());//http://www.google.com/search?q=httpclient&btnG=Google+Search&aq=f&oq=
响应
HTTP响应是服务端在接收和处理客户端消息后返回给客户端的消息。消息的第一行包含了协议版本,紧接着是状态码和状态码描述文字。- HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, “OK”);
- System.out.println(response.getProtocolVersion());//HTTP/1.1
- System.out.println(response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());//200
- System.out.println(response.getStatusLine().getReasonPhrase());//OK
- System.out.println(response.getStatusLine().toString());//HTTP/1.1 200 OK
HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
System.out.println(response.getProtocolVersion());//HTTP/1.1
System.out.println(response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());//200
System.out.println(response.getStatusLine().getReasonPhrase());//OK
System.out.println(response.getStatusLine().toString());//HTTP/1.1 200 OK
消息头
HTTP消息可以包含一些用来描述消息属性的头部消息,例如content length, content type等等。HttpClient提供了方法来检索、增加、删除、列举头部消息。- HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1,
- HttpStatus.SC_OK, ”OK”);
- response.addHeader(”Set-Cookie”,
- ”c1=a; path=/; domain=localhost”);
- response.addHeader(”Set-Cookie”,
- ”c2=b; path=\”/\”, c3=c; domain=\”localhost\”“);
- Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(”Set-Cookie”);
- System.out.println(h1);//Set-Cookie: c1=a; path=/; domain=localhost
- Header h2 = response.getLastHeader(”Set-Cookie”);
- System.out.println(h2);//Set-Cookie: c2=b; path=”/”, c3=c; domain=”localhost”
- Header[] hs = response.getHeaders(”Set-Cookie”);
- System.out.println(hs.length);//2
HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1,
HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
response.addHeader("Set-Cookie",
"c1=a; path=/; domain=localhost");
response.addHeader("Set-Cookie",
"c2=b; path=\"/\", c3=c; domain=\"localhost\"");
Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader("Set-Cookie");
System.out.println(h1);//Set-Cookie: c1=a; path=/; domain=localhost
Header h2 = response.getLastHeader("Set-Cookie");
System.out.println(h2);//Set-Cookie: c2=b; path="/", c3=c; domain="localhost"
Header[] hs = response.getHeaders("Set-Cookie");
System.out.println(hs.length);//2
最有效的方法还是利用HeaderIterator
- HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1,
- HttpStatus.SC_OK, ”OK”);
- response.addHeader(”Set-Cookie”,
- ”c1=a; path=/; domain=localhost”);
- response.addHeader(”Set-Cookie”,
- ”c2=b; path=\”/\”, c3=c; domain=\”localhost\”“);
- HeaderIterator it = response.headerIterator(”Set-Cookie”);
- while (it.hasNext()) {
- System.out.println(it.next());
- }
- st
HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1,
HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
response.addHeader("Set-Cookie",
"c1=a; path=/; domain=localhost");
response.addHeader("Set-Cookie",
"c2=b; path=\"/\", c3=c; domain=\"localhost\"");
HeaderIterator it = response.headerIterator("Set-Cookie");
while (it.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(it.next());
}
st
同样,它也提供了将头部消息解析成单个元素的方法
- HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1,
- HttpStatus.SC_OK, ”OK”);
- response.addHeader(”Set-Cookie”,
- ”c1=a; path=/; domain=localhost”);
- response.addHeader(”Set-Cookie”,
- ”c2=b; path=\”/\”, c3=c; domain=\”localhost\”“);
- HeaderElementIterator it = new BasicHeaderElementIterator(
- response.headerIterator(”Set-Cookie”));
- while (it.hasNext()) {
- HeaderElement elem = it.nextElement();
- System.out.println(elem.getName() + ” = ” + elem.getValue());
- NameValuePair[] params = elem.getParameters();
- for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
- System.out.println(” ” + params[i]);
- }
- }
HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1,
HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
response.addHeader("Set-Cookie",
"c1=a; path=/; domain=localhost");
response.addHeader("Set-Cookie",
"c2=b; path=\"/\", c3=c; domain=\"localhost\"");
HeaderElementIterator it = new BasicHeaderElementIterator(
response.headerIterator("Set-Cookie"));
while (it.hasNext()) {
HeaderElement elem = it.nextElement();
System.out.println(elem.getName() + " = " + elem.getValue());
NameValuePair[] params = elem.getParameters();
for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
System.out.println(" " + params[i]);
}
}
输出
- c1 = a
- path=/
- domain=localhost
- c2 = b
- path=/
- c3 = c
- domain=localhost
c1 = a
path=/
domain=localhost
c2 = b
path=/
c3 = c
domain=localhost
HTTP实体
HTTP消息可以包含内容实体,HTTP定义了两个实体封装请求方法:PUT和POST。HttpClient依靠内容的来源来区分三种实体。
streamed:内容来源于流或者动态生成,特别是,包含从HTTP响应接收的实体,streamed实体一般不可重复生成的。
self-contained:内容位于内存中或者是可获得的,意味着它是独立于连接和其他实体的,Self-contained实体一般可重复,这种类型的实体大都用于HTTP请求的封装。
wrapping:内容来源于其他实体。
对于连接管理来说,当从HTTP响应中用流输出内容的时候这些区分的重要的。对于仅仅由应用程序创建并且用HttpClient发送的请求实体来说,streamed和self-contained的区别是不重要的。既然如此,那么就认为不可重复的实体是streamed,可重复的实体是self-contained。
可重复的实体,表示它的内容可以不止一次被读取,例如ByteArrayEntity和StringEntity。为了读取内容,任何人都可以使用HttpEntity#getContent()返回Java.io.InputStream,或者用HttpEntity#writeTo(OutputStream)提供给输出流。
当实体通过一个收到的报文获取时,HttpEntity#getContentType()方法和HttpEntity#getContentLength()方法可以用来读取通用的元数据,如Content-Type和Content-Length头部信息(如果它们是可用的)。因为头部信息Content-Type可以包含对文本MIME类型的字符编码,比如text/plain或text/html,HttpEntity#getContentEncoding()方法用来读取这个信息。如果头部信息Content-Length不可用,那么就返回长度-1,而对于内容类型返回NULL。如果头部信息Content-Type是可用的,那么就会返回一个Header对象。
- StringEntity myEntity = new StringEntity(“important message”,
- ContentType.create(”text/plain”, “UTF-8”));
- System.out.println(myEntity.getContentType());
- System.out.println(myEntity.getContentLength());
- System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(myEntity));
- System.out.println(EntityUtils.toByteArray(myEntity).length);
StringEntity myEntity = new StringEntity("important message",
ContentType.create("text/plain", "UTF-8"));
System.out.println(myEntity.getContentType());
System.out.println(myEntity.getContentLength());
System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(myEntity));
System.out.println(EntityUtils.toByteArray(myEntity).length);
输出
- Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
- 17
- important message
- 17
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
17
important message
17
确保低级别资源释放
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(“http://localhost/”);
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- if (entity != null) {
- InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
- try {
- // do something useful
- } finally {
- instream.close();
- }
- }
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://localhost/");
CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
try {
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if (entity != null) {
InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
try {
// do something useful
} finally {
instream.close();
}
}
} finally {
response.close();
}
有些情况下,仅仅response的一小部分需要被取回并且消耗内容的剩余部分且保持连接可用的性能代价是很高的,这种情况下可以直接关闭response。
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(”http://localhost/”);
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- if (entity != null) {
- InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
- int byteOne = instream.read();
- int byteTwo = instream.read();
- // Do not need the rest
- }
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://localhost/");
CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
try {
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if (entity != null) {
InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
int byteOne = instream.read();
int byteTwo = instream.read();
// Do not need the rest
}
} finally {
response.close();
}
消耗实体内容
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(“http://localhost/”);
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- if (entity != null) {
- long len = entity.getContentLength();
- if (len != -1 && len < 2048) {
- System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity));
- } else {
- // Stream content out
- }
- }
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://localhost/");
CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
try {
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if (entity != null) {
long len = entity.getContentLength();
if (len != -1 && len < 2048) {
System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity));
} else {
// Stream content out
}
}
} finally {
response.close();
}
在一些情况下可能会不止一次的读取实体。此时实体内容必须以某种方式在内存或磁盘上被缓冲起来。最简单的方法是通过使用BufferedHttpEntity类来包装源实体完成。这会引起源实体内容被读取到内存的缓冲区中。在其它所有方式中,实体包装器将会得到源实体。
- CloseableHttpResponse response = <…>
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- if (entity != null) {
- entity = new BufferedHttpEntity(entity);
- }
CloseableHttpResponse response = <...>
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if (entity != null) {
entity = new BufferedHttpEntity(entity);
}
生成实体内容
- File file = new File(“somefile.txt”);
- FileEntity entity = new FileEntity(file,
- ContentType.create(”text/plain”, “UTF-8”));
- HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(”http://localhost/action.do”);
- httppost.setEntity(entity);
File file = new File(“somefile.txt”);
FileEntity entity = new FileEntity(file,
ContentType.create(“text/plain”, “UTF-8”));
HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(“http://localhost/action.do“);
httppost.setEntity(entity);
HTML表单
- List<NameValuePair> formparams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
- formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair(“param1”, “value1”));
- formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair(“param2”, “value2”));
- UrlEncodedFormEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, Consts.UTF_8);
- HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(“http://localhost/handler.do”);
- httppost.setEntity(entity);
List<NameValuePair> formparams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "value1"));
formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));
UrlEncodedFormEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, Consts.UTF_8);
HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost/handler.do");
httppost.setEntity(entity);
内容分块
一般来说,推荐让HttpClient自己根据Http消息传递的特征来选择最合适的传输编码。当然,如果非要手动控制也是可以的,设置HttpEntity#setChunked()为true,可以分块传输,但是如果是HTTP/1.0,那么这个设置就会被忽略,值有HTTP/1.1才支持。
- StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(“important message”,
- ContentType.create(”plain/text”, Consts.UTF_8));
- entity.setChunked(true);
- HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(“http://localhost/acrtion.do”);
- httppost.setEntity(entity);
StringEntity entity = new StringEntity("important message",
ContentType.create("plain/text", Consts.UTF_8));
entity.setChunked(true);
HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost/acrtion.do");
httppost.setEntity(entity);
response处理
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(“http://localhost/json”);
- ResponseHandler<MyJsonObject> rh = new ResponseHandler<MyJsonObject>() {
- @Override
- public JsonObject handleResponse(
- final HttpResponse response) throws IOException {
- StatusLine statusLine = response.getStatusLine();
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- if (statusLine.getStatusCode() >= 300) {
- throw new HttpResponseException(
- statusLine.getStatusCode(),
- statusLine.getReasonPhrase());
- }
- if (entity == null) {
- throw new ClientProtocolException(“Response contains no content”);
- }
- Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().create();
- ContentType contentType = ContentType.getOrDefault(entity);
- Charset charset = contentType.getCharset();
- Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(entity.getContent(), charset);
- return gson.fromJson(reader, MyJsonObject.class);
- }
- };
- MyJsonObject myjson = client.execute(httpget, rh);
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://localhost/json");
ResponseHandler<MyJsonObject> rh = new ResponseHandler<MyJsonObject>() {
@Override
public JsonObject handleResponse(
final HttpResponse response) throws IOException {
StatusLine statusLine = response.getStatusLine();
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if (statusLine.getStatusCode() >= 300) {
throw new HttpResponseException(
statusLine.getStatusCode(),
statusLine.getReasonPhrase());
}
if (entity == null) {
throw new ClientProtocolException("Response contains no content");
}
Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().create();
ContentType contentType = ContentType.getOrDefault(entity);
Charset charset = contentType.getCharset();
Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(entity.getContent(), charset);
return gson.fromJson(reader, MyJsonObject.class);
}
};
MyJsonObject myjson = client.execute(httpget, rh);
HttpClient的接口
- ConnectionKeepAliveStrategy keepAliveStrat = new DefaultConnectionKeepAliveStrategy() {
- @Override
- public long getKeepAliveDuration(
- HttpResponse response,
- HttpContext context) {
- long keepAlive = super.getKeepAliveDuration(response, context);
- if (keepAlive == -1) {
- // Keep connections alive 5 seconds if a keep-alive value
- // has not be explicitly set by the server
- keepAlive = 5000;
- }
- return keepAlive;
- }
- };
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
- .setKeepAliveStrategy(keepAliveStrat)
- .build();
ConnectionKeepAliveStrategy keepAliveStrat = new DefaultConnectionKeepAliveStrategy() {
@Override
public long getKeepAliveDuration(
HttpResponse response,
HttpContext context) {
long keepAlive = super.getKeepAliveDuration(response, context);
if (keepAlive == -1) {
// Keep connections alive 5 seconds if a keep-alive value
// has not be explicitly set by the server
keepAlive = 5000;
}
return keepAlive;
}
};
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
.setKeepAliveStrategy(keepAliveStrat)
.build();
HTTPCLIENT的线程安全性
HTTPCLIENT资源分配
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- try {
- <…>
- } finally {
- httpclient.close();
- }
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
try {
<...>
} finally {
httpclient.close();
}
Http执行上下文
HttpContext可以包含任意类型的对象,因此如果在多线程中共享上下文会不安全。建议每个线程都只包含自己的http上下文。
在Http请求执行的过程中,HttpClient会自动添加下面的属性到Http上下文中:
HttpConnection的实例,表示客户端与服务器之间的连接
HttpHost的实例,表示要连接的目标服务器
HttpRoute的实例,表示全部的连接路由
HttpRequest的实例,表示Http请求。在执行上下文中,最终的HttpRequest对象会代表http消息的状态。Http/1.0和Http/1.1都默认使用相对的uri。但是如果使用了非隧道模式的代理服务器,就会使用绝对路径的uri。
HttpResponse的实例,表示Http响应
java.lang.Boolean对象,表示是否请求被成功的发送给目标服务器
RequestConfig对象,表示http request的配置信息
java.util.List<Uri>对象,表示Http响应中的所有重定向地址
可以使用HttpClientContext这个适配器来简化和上下文状态交互的过程。
- HttpContext context = <…>
- HttpClientContext clientContext = HttpClientContext.adapt(context);
- HttpHost target = clientContext.getTargetHost();
- HttpRequest request = clientContext.getRequest();
- HttpResponse response = clientContext.getResponse();
- RequestConfig config = clientContext.getRequestConfig();
HttpContext context = <...>
HttpClientContext clientContext = HttpClientContext.adapt(context);
HttpHost target = clientContext.getTargetHost();
HttpRequest request = clientContext.getRequest();
HttpResponse response = clientContext.getResponse();
RequestConfig config = clientContext.getRequestConfig();
同一个逻辑会话中的多个Http请求,应该使用相同的Http上下文来执行,这样就可以自动地在http请求中传递会话上下文和状态信息。
在下面的例子中,我们在开头设置的参数,会被保存在上下文中,并且会应用到后续的http请求中。
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
- .setSocketTimeout(1000)
- .setConnectTimeout(1000)
- .build();
- HttpGet httpget1 = new HttpGet(“http://localhost/1”);
- httpget1.setConfig(requestConfig);
- CloseableHttpResponse response1 = httpclient.execute(httpget1, context);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity1 = response1.getEntity();
- } finally {
- response1.close();
- }
- HttpGet httpget2 = new HttpGet(“http://localhost/2”);
- CloseableHttpResponse response2 = httpclient.execute(httpget2, context);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity2 = response2.getEntity();
- } finally {
- response2.close();
- }
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
.setSocketTimeout(1000)
.setConnectTimeout(1000)
.build();
HttpGet httpget1 = new HttpGet("http://localhost/1");
httpget1.setConfig(requestConfig);
CloseableHttpResponse response1 = httpclient.execute(httpget1, context);
try {
HttpEntity entity1 = response1.getEntity();
} finally {
response1.close();
}
HttpGet httpget2 = new HttpGet("http://localhost/2");
CloseableHttpResponse response2 = httpclient.execute(httpget2, context);
try {
HttpEntity entity2 = response2.getEntity();
} finally {
response2.close();
}
HTTP协议拦截器
下面是个例子,讲述了本地的上下文时如何在连续请求中记录处理状态的:
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
- .addInterceptorLast(new HttpRequestInterceptor() {
- public void process(
- final HttpRequest request,
- final HttpContext context) throws HttpException, IOException {
- AtomicInteger count = (AtomicInteger) context.getAttribute(”count”);
- request.addHeader(”Count”, Integer.toString(count.getAndIncrement()));
- }
- })
- .build();
- AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(1);
- HttpClientContext localContext = HttpClientContext.create();
- localContext.setAttribute(”count”, count);
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(”http://localhost/”);
- for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget, localContext);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- }
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
.addInterceptorLast(new HttpRequestInterceptor() {
public void process(
final HttpRequest request,
final HttpContext context) throws HttpException, IOException {
AtomicInteger count = (AtomicInteger) context.getAttribute("count");
request.addHeader("Count", Integer.toString(count.getAndIncrement()));
}
})
.build();
AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(1);
HttpClientContext localContext = HttpClientContext.create();
localContext.setAttribute(“count”, count);
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(“http://localhost/“);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget, localContext);
try {
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
} finally {
response.close();
}
}
异常处理
HTTP传输安全
方法的幂等性
异常自动修复
HttpClient不会尝试修复任何逻辑或者http协议错误(即从HttpException衍生出来的异常)。
HttpClient会自动再次发送幂等的方法(如果首次执行失败)。
HttpClient会自动再次发送遇到transport异常的方法,前提是Http请求仍旧保持着连接(例如http请求没有全部发送给目标服务器,HttpClient会再次尝试发送)。
请求重试HANDLER
- HttpRequestRetryHandler myRetryHandler = new HttpRequestRetryHandler() {
- public boolean retryRequest(
- IOException exception,
- int executionCount,
- HttpContext context) {
- if (executionCount >= 5) {
- // Do not retry if over max retry count
- return false;
- }
- if (exception instanceof InterruptedIOException) {
- // Timeout
- return false;
- }
- if (exception instanceof UnknownHostException) {
- // Unknown host
- return false;
- }
- if (exception instanceof ConnectTimeoutException) {
- // Connection refused
- return false;
- }
- if (exception instanceof SSLException) {
- // SSL handshake exception
- return false;
- }
- HttpClientContext clientContext = HttpClientContext.adapt(context);
- HttpRequest request = clientContext.getRequest();
- boolean idempotent = !(request instanceof HttpEntityEnclosingRequest);
- if (idempotent) {
- // Retry if the request is considered idempotent
- return true;
- }
- return false;
- }
- };
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
- .setRetryHandler(myRetryHandler)
- .build();
HttpRequestRetryHandler myRetryHandler = new HttpRequestRetryHandler() {
public boolean retryRequest(
IOException exception,
int executionCount,
HttpContext context) {
if (executionCount >= 5) {
// Do not retry if over max retry count
return false;
}
if (exception instanceof InterruptedIOException) {
// Timeout
return false;
}
if (exception instanceof UnknownHostException) {
// Unknown host
return false;
}
if (exception instanceof ConnectTimeoutException) {
// Connection refused
return false;
}
if (exception instanceof SSLException) {
// SSL handshake exception
return false;
}
HttpClientContext clientContext = HttpClientContext.adapt(context);
HttpRequest request = clientContext.getRequest();
boolean idempotent = !(request instanceof HttpEntityEnclosingRequest);
if (idempotent) {
// Retry if the request is considered idempotent
return true;
}
return false;
}
};
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
.setRetryHandler(myRetryHandler)
.build();
中断请求
重定向处理
- LaxRedirectStrategy redirectStrategy = new LaxRedirectStrategy();
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
- .setRedirectStrategy(redirectStrategy)
- .build();
LaxRedirectStrategy redirectStrategy = new LaxRedirectStrategy();
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
.setRedirectStrategy(redirectStrategy)
.build();
HttpClient在请求执行过程中,经常需要重写请求的消息。 HTTP/1.0和HTTP/1.1都默认使用相对的uri路径。同样,原始的请求可能会被者多次的重定向。最终绝对路径可以使用原始的请求和上下文来构建。URIUtils#resolve可以用于构建绝对路径,产生最终的请求。这个方法包含了最后一个分片标识符或者原始请求。
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- HttpClientContext context = HttpClientContext.create();
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(“http://localhost:8080/”);
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget, context);
- try {
- HttpHost target = context.getTargetHost();
- List<URI> redirectLocations = context.getRedirectLocations();
- URI location = URIUtils.resolve(httpget.getURI(), target, redirectLocations);
- System.out.println(”Final HTTP location: ” + location.toASCIIString());
- // Expected to be an absolute URI
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
HttpClientContext context = HttpClientContext.create();
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://localhost:8080/");
CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget, context);
try {
HttpHost target = context.getTargetHost();
List<URI> redirectLocations = context.getRedirectLocations();
URI location = URIUtils.resolve(httpget.getURI(), target, redirectLocations);
System.out.println("Final HTTP location: " + location.toASCIIString());
// Expected to be an absolute URI
} finally {
response.close();
}