Linux系统引导过程（BIOS和Bootloader部分）

Linux系统引导过程（BIOS和Bootloader部分）

刘建文（ http://blog.csdn.net/keminlau ）

KEY:x86体系 CPU 系统引导 启动过程 Linux LILO bootstrapping

BIOS（0xfffffff0）

X86体系计算机系统的自举（bootstrapping）过程起始于对CPU的RESET引脚的触发。这个操作会把CPU的一些寄存器置为默认值，比如代码段寄存器CS（code segment）被置为0xf000、指令指针寄存器（EIP）被置为0x0000fff0等，其它寄存器的初始值如下表（下表未列的其它寄存器值均为未定义）：

EFLAGS =00000002H EIP =0000FFF0H CS selector =F000H BASE = FFFF0000H Limit = FFFFH DS selector =0000H BASE = 00000000H Limit = FFFFH ES selector =0000H 同上 SS selector =0000H 同上 FS selector =0000H 同上 GS selector =0000H 同上 IDTR: base =0 limit =03FFH

 

32位还是16位？

细心注意开机时有部分寄存器的值是32位的。其实在386以后的32位处理器在实模式下产生的地址也是32位的，只不过16位程序只使用固定的16位兼容的一个地址空间罢了（KEMIN:这个结论有待进一步的验证）。举例如开机第一指令8086上应该是0xffff0，但是在80368却是0xfffffff0。这个地址在保护模式是通过EIP加上 保存在由段选择子指向的段描述符里的[基址 ]得到的，但是在实模式下[段描述 ]符尚没有初始化，那么基地址从哪来的呢？INTEL解释说为了提高访问的速度，每个段寄存器都有隐藏部分用作缓存，看下面：

The CS register has two parts: the visible segment selector part and the hidden base address part. In real-address mode, the base address is normally formed by shifting the 16-bit segment selector value 4 bits to the left to produce a 20-bit base address. However, during a hardware reset, the segment
selector in the CS register is loaded with F000H and the base address is loaded with FFFF0000H. The starting address is thus formed by adding the base address to the value in the EIP register (that is, FFFF0000 + FFF0H = FFFFFFF0H).

Every segment register has a “visible” part and a “hidden” part. (The hidden part is sometimes referred to as a “descriptor cache” or a “shadow register.”) When a segment selector is loaded into the visible part of a segment register, the processor also loads the hidden part of the segment register with the base address, segment limit, and access control information from the segment descriptor pointed to by the segment selector. The information cached in the segment register (visible and hidden) allows the processor to translate addresses without taking extra bus cycles to