Managing Network Usage [管理网络的惯用法]
- 这一课会介绍如何细化管理使用的网络资源。如果你的程序需要执行很多网络操作,你应该提供用户设置选项来允许用户控制程序的数据偏好。例如,同步数据的频率,是否只在连接到WiFi才进行下载与上传操作,是否在漫游时使用套餐数据流量等等。这样用户才能在快到达流量上限时关闭你的程序获取数据功能。[ 显然,这非常重要 ]
- 关于如何编写一个最小化下载与网络操作对电量影响的程序,请参考:
Check a Device's Network Connection [检查设备的网络连接信息]
- 设备可以有许多种网络连接。关于所有可能的网络连接类型,请看
ConnectivityManager
. - 通常Wi-Fi是比较快的。移动数据通常都是需要按流量计费,会比较贵。[说起这个,大陆的运营商实在太黑了]. 通常我们会选择让app在连接到WiFi时去获取大量的数据。
- 那么,我们就需要在执行网络操作之前检查当前连接的网络信息。这样可以防止你的程序不经意连接使用了非意向的网络频道。为了实现这个目的,我们需要使用到下面两个类:
ConnectivityManager
: Answers queries about the state of network connectivity. It also notifies applications when network connectivity changes.NetworkInfo
: Describes the status of a network interface of a given type (currently either Mobile or Wi-Fi).
- 下面示例了检查WiFi与Mobile是否连接上(请注意available与isConnected的区别):
private static final String DEBUG_TAG = "NetworkStatusExample"; ... ConnectivityManager connMgr = (ConnectivityManager) getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE); NetworkInfo networkInfo = connMgr.getNetworkInfo(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI); boolean isWifiConn = networkInfo.isConnected(); networkInfo = connMgr.getNetworkInfo(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE); boolean isMobileConn = networkInfo.isConnected(); Log.d(DEBUG_TAG, "Wifi connected: " + isWifiConn); Log.d(DEBUG_TAG, "Mobile connected: " + isMobileConn);
- 一个更简单的检查网络是否可用的示例如下:
public boolean isOnline() { ConnectivityManager connMgr = (ConnectivityManager) getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE); NetworkInfo networkInfo = connMgr.getActiveNetworkInfo(); return (networkInfo != null && networkInfo.isConnected()); }
- 你可以使用
NetworkInfo.DetailedState
, 来获取更加详细的网络信息。
Manage Network Usage [管理网络使用]
- 你可以实现一个偏好设置的activity ,来允许用户设置程序的网络资源的使用。例如:
- 你可以允许用户在仅仅连接到WiFi时上传视频。
- 你可以根据诸如网络可用等条件来选择是否做同步的操作。
- 网络操作需要添加下面的权限:
android.permission.INTERNET
—Allows applications to open network sockets.android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE
—Allows applications to access information about networks.
- 你可以为你的设置Activity声明intent filter for the
ACTION_MANAGE_NETWORK_USAGE
action (introduced in Android 4.0),这样你的这个activity就可以提供数据控制的选项了。在章节概览提供的Sample中,这个action is handled by the classSettingsActivity
, 它提供了偏好设置UI来让用户决定何时进行下载。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" package="com.example.android.networkusage" ...> <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="4" android:targetSdkVersion="14" /> <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" /> <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" /> <application ...> ... <activity android:label="SettingsActivity" android:name=".SettingsActivity"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MANAGE_NETWORK_USAGE" /> <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" /> </intent-filter> </activity> </application> </manifest>
Implement a Preferences Activity [实现一个偏好设置activity]
正如上面看到的那样,
SettingsActivity
is a subclass ofPreferenceActivity
.- 所实现的功能见下图:
- 下面是一个
SettingsActivity
. 请注意它实现了OnSharedPreferenceChangeListener
. 当用户改变了他的偏好,就会触发onSharedPreferenceChanged()
, 这个方法会设置refreshDisplay
为true[这里的变量存在于自己定义的activity,见下一部分的代码示例]. 这会使的当用户返回到main activity的时候进行refresh。[请注意,代码中的注释,不得不说,Googler写的Code看起来就是舒服]
public class SettingsActivity extends PreferenceActivity implements OnSharedPreferenceChangeListener { @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); // Loads the XML preferences file addPreferencesFromResource(R.xml.preferences); } @Override protected void onResume() { super.onResume(); // Registers a listener whenever a key changes getPreferenceScreen().getSharedPreferences().registerOnSharedPreferenceChangeListener(this); } @Override protected void onPause() { super.onPause(); // Unregisters the listener set in onResume(). // It's best practice to unregister listeners when your app isn't using them to cut down on // unnecessary system overhead. You do this in onPause(). getPreferenceScreen().getSharedPreferences().unregisterOnSharedPreferenceChangeListener(this); } // When the user changes the preferences selection, // onSharedPreferenceChanged() restarts the main activity as a new // task. Sets the the refreshDisplay flag to "true" to indicate that // the main activity should update its display. // The main activity queries the PreferenceManager to get the latest settings. @Override public void onSharedPreferenceChanged(SharedPreferences sharedPreferences, String key) { // Sets refreshDisplay to true so that when the user returns to the main // activity, the display refreshes to reflect the new settings. NetworkActivity.refreshDisplay = true; } }
Respond to Preference Changes [对偏好改变进行响应]
- 当用户在设置界面改变了偏好,它通常都会对app的行为产生影响。
- 在下面的代码示例中,app会在
onStart()
. 方法里面检查偏好设置。如果设置的类型与当前设备的网络连接类型相一致,那么程序就会下载数据并刷新显示。(for example, if the setting is"Wi-Fi"
and the device has a Wi-Fi connection)。[这是一个很好的代码示例,如何选择合适的网络类型进行下载操作]
public class NetworkActivity extends Activity { public static final String WIFI = "Wi-Fi"; public static final String ANY = "Any"; private static final String URL = "http://stackoverflow.com/feeds/tag?tagnames=android&sort=newest"; // Whether there is a Wi-Fi connection. private static boolean wifiConnected = false; // Whether there is a mobile connection. private static boolean mobileConnected = false; // Whether the display should be refreshed. public static boolean refreshDisplay = true; // The user's current network preference setting. public static String sPref = null; // The BroadcastReceiver that tracks network connectivity changes. private NetworkReceiver receiver = new NetworkReceiver(); @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); // Registers BroadcastReceiver to track network connection changes. IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION); receiver = new NetworkReceiver(); this.registerReceiver(receiver, filter); } @Override public void onDestroy() { super.onDestroy(); // Unregisters BroadcastReceiver when app is destroyed. if (receiver != null) { this.unregisterReceiver(receiver); } } // Refreshes the display if the network connection and the // pref settings allow it. @Override public void onStart () { super.onStart(); // Gets the user's network preference settings SharedPreferences sharedPrefs = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this); // Retrieves a string value for the preferences. The second parameter // is the default value to use if a preference value is not found. sPref = sharedPrefs.getString("listPref", "Wi-Fi"); updateConnectedFlags(); if(refreshDisplay){ loadPage(); } } // Checks the network connection and sets the wifiConnected and mobileConnected // variables accordingly. public void updateConnectedFlags() { ConnectivityManager connMgr = (ConnectivityManager) getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE); NetworkInfo activeInfo = connMgr.getActiveNetworkInfo(); if (activeInfo != null && activeInfo.isConnected()) { wifiConnected = activeInfo.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI; mobileConnected = activeInfo.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE; } else { wifiConnected = false; mobileConnected = false; } } // Uses AsyncTask subclass to download the XML feed from stackoverflow.com. public void loadPage() { if (((sPref.equals(ANY)) && (wifiConnected || mobileConnected)) || ((sPref.equals(WIFI)) && (wifiConnected))) { // AsyncTask subclass new DownloadXmlTask().execute(URL); } else { showErrorPage(); } } ... }
Detect Connection Changes [监测网络连接的改变]
- 最后一部分是关于
BroadcastReceiver
的子类:NetworkReceiver
. 当设备网络连接改变时,NetworkReceiver会监听到CONNECTIVITY_ACTION
, 这时需要判断当前网络连接类型并相应的设置好wifiConnected
与mobileConnected
. - 我们需要控制好BroadcastReceiver的使用,不必要的声明注册会浪费系统资源。通常是在
onCreate() 去
registers 这个BroadcastReceiver , 在onPause()或者
unregisters它。这样做会比直接在manifest里面直接注册onDestroy()
时
<receiver>
更轻量. 当你在manifest里面注册了一个<receiver>
,你的程序可以在任何时候被唤醒, 即使你已经好几个星期没有使用这个程序了。而通过前面的办法进行注册,可以确保用户离开你的程序之后,不会因为那个Broadcast而被唤起。如果你确保知道何时需要使用到它,你可以在合适的地方使用setComponentEnabledSetting()
来开启或者关闭它。
public class NetworkReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver { @Override public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) { ConnectivityManager conn = (ConnectivityManager) context.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE); NetworkInfo networkInfo = conn.getActiveNetworkInfo(); // Checks the user prefs and the network connection. Based on the result, decides whether // to refresh the display or keep the current display. // If the userpref is Wi-Fi only, checks to see if the device has a Wi-Fi connection. if (WIFI.equals(sPref) && networkInfo != null && networkInfo.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI) { // If device has its Wi-Fi connection, sets refreshDisplay // to true. This causes the display to be refreshed when the user // returns to the app. refreshDisplay = true; Toast.makeText(context, R.string.wifi_connected, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); // If the setting is ANY network and there is a network connection // (which by process of elimination would be mobile), sets refreshDisplay to true. } else if (ANY.equals(sPref) && networkInfo != null) { refreshDisplay = true; // Otherwise, the app can't download content--either because there is no network // connection (mobile or Wi-Fi), or because the pref setting is WIFI, and there // is no Wi-Fi connection. // Sets refreshDisplay to false. } else { refreshDisplay = false; Toast.makeText(context, R.string.lost_connection, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } }
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