Flexibility:
MPU – An advantage of an MPU is versatility, the system designer can decide on theamount of RAM, ROM and I/O ports needed for the application. This is not the case with MCU.
MCU – The processor, the RAM, ROM, I/O ports and the timer are all embedded together on one microcontroller chip; therefore, the designer cannot add any external I/O ports, or timer to it.
Movement of Data:
MPU – An MPU is concerned with rapid movement of code & data from external addresses to the chip.
MCU – An MCU is concerned with rapid movement of bits within the chip.
Interface Circuit:
MPU – In addition, custom electronic circuit is required to interface the microprocessor with its external circuitry.
MCU – None is required in the microcontroller-based system, since most of the circuitry isalready inside the microcontroller.
Bus widths:
MPU – very wide ,Large memory address spaces (>4 Gbytes) , Lots of data (Data bus: 32, 64, 128 bits wide)
MCU – narrow , Relatively small memory address spaces (typically kBytes) , Less data (Data bus typically 4, 8, 16 bits wide)
Clock Rates:
MPU – very fast (> 1 GHz)
MCU – Relatively slow (typically 10-150 MHz) since most I/O devices being controlled are relatively slow
Instruction Set:
MPU vs MCU
– The instruction set of the MPU is more
powerful than that of the MCU. For example, instructions to support multitasking, memory management and floating point calculations.
– MPU have many opcodes for moving data from the external memory to the CPU; MCU may have one or two.
MPU may have 1 or 2 types of bit handling instructions; MCU will have many.
CH2. CISC & RISC
CISC:
Wide variety of instructions available
Registers often have special purposes and are notinterchangeable
Slow because of complexity of instruction set
Complex silicon design
Many of the instructions are not used often
Code size is lower
Optimization methods are more complicated
Instructions may be very
specific to registers, data types oraddressing modes
A single specialized instruction may be able to do what would otherwise take multiple instructions
Will often take
multiple cycles to execute a single instruction unless special performance measures like heavy pipelining are applied
CISC normally consists of more than
80 instructions
Examples of CISC microprocessors include Motorola's 68000 series and the family of Intel 80x86 and Pentium microprocessors
RISC:
Of all available CISC instructions, only a small subset is commonly used =>RISC eliminates as many instructions to leave a minimal instruction set
Simple CPU design with fast instructions
Usually has a lot of
general purpose registers
One or more instructions per clock cycle
Typical instructions less than
33
Less transistors=> less power consumption
Better
performance per watt
Due to less complexity, more peripherals can be supported onchip.
Performance enhancement mechanisms such as pipelining are easier to manufacture
Examples of RISC microprocessors include the PowerPC, PICetc.
CISC/RISCConvergence:
Difference is not in number of instructions
Difference is in structure of instructions
Modern CISCs use a RISC internally
CH3. Von-Neumann & Havard
Von-Neumann
A single "data" bus that is used to fetch both instructions and data. Program instructions and data arestored in a common main memory
Havard:
Instructions and data reside inphysically separate memories and are connected to CPU through separate busses
Instructions in non-volatile memory anddata in Read/Write memory with separate address spaces
Data and instruction width independent of each other
Different program and data bus widths arepossible, allowing program and data memory to be better optimized to thearchitectural requirements. So Arm and Thumb???
CH4. generating systemclock
Externalclock
InternalOscillator
PhaseLocked Loop
PLL:
Advantages
–Low-frequency crystals are cheap and easyto use
–Lower EMI because the high frequencyclocks are contained within the Microcontrollers
Disadvantages
–System Clocks with the PLL takes time to stabilize
»PLL Lock Delay
PLLBlocks:
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
–Controlled by a DC voltage
–Tuning range is centered about thedesired system clock frequency
Phase/Frequency Comparator
–Puts out a voltage proportional to thephase and/or frequency difference between the two inputs signals
Filter/Amp
–Filters comparator output to ensure loopstability
–The loop will not be stable if the VCOoverreacts to small frequency errors (Glitches)
Frequency Divider
–Matches the VCO frequency to thereference frequency
CPU clock may also be supplied to
–Bus controller
–Memory controller
–ROM
–RAM
–Interrupt controller
–DMA controller
Peripheralclock is generally a
prescaled
CPU clock
OperatingModes
–NormalMode
–PowerSaving Modes
»Idle/SleepMode
»HaltMode
For some microcontrollers, a specialtimer/counter causes the chip to wake up at a regular interval to check ifthings are OK.
Halt Mode?
–All activities are stopped (includingtimers and counters).
–The only way to wake up themicrocontroller is by a reset or device interrupt.
–The power requirements of the device areminimal
–RAM is not cleared and any outputs arenot changed.