MIT公开课： Python 笔记7 列表及可变性，字典，效率

Lecture 7： Lists and mutability，dictionaries，pseudocode，introduction to efficiency 列表及可变性，字典，伪代码，效率

---

Lists and mutability 列表及可变性

>>> L1 = [1, 2, 3]
>>> L2 = L1
>>> print L2
[1, 2, 3]
>>> L1[0] = 4
>>> print L2
[4, 2, 3]

def f(L):
    L[0] = 4
L1 = [1,2,3]
L2 = [1,2,3]
L3 = L1
print L1 == L2
f(L1)
print L1 == L2
print L1
print L2
print L3
#输出
True
False
[4, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3]
[4, 2, 3]

---

dictionaries 字典

3wschool python dictionary

• mutable 可改变的
• not ordered 无序
• generalized indexing 索引
• key ,value pair 键值对
• -

EtoF = {'one': 'un', 'soccer': 'football'}
print EtoF['soccer']
print EtoF[0]
print EtoF
NtoS = {1: 'one', 2: 'two', 'one': 1, 'two': 2}
print NtoS.keys()
print NtoS.keys
del NtoS['one']
print NtoS

L = [['un', 'one'], ['deux', 'two']]
def keySearch(L, k):
    for elem in L:
        if elem[0] == k: return elem[1]
    return None
print keySearch(L, 'deux')

# 输出
football

print EtoF[0]
KeyError: 0

{'soccer': 'football', 'one': 'un'}
[1, 2, 'two', 'one']
<built-in method keys of dict object at 0x7fc52bf0b1e0>
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 'two': 2}

two

---

pseudo code 伪代码

求直角三角形的斜边：

• input value for base 输入底边 as float
• input value for height 输入高 as float
• sqrt (base**2 + height **2) 计算斜边
• output value in hypotenuse 输出

import math

# Get base
inputOK = False
while not inputOK:
    base = input('Enter base: ')
    if type(base) == type(1.0):
        inputOK = True
    else:
        print('Error.  Base must be floating point number.')

# Get Height
inputOK = False
while not inputOK:
    height = input('Enter height: ')
    if type(height) == type(1.0):
        inputOK = True
    else:
        print('Error.  Height must be floating point number.')

hyp = math.sqrt(base * base + height * height)
print 'Base: ' + str(base) + ',height: ' + str(height) + ', hyp: ' + str(hyp)

改进：

def getFloat(requestMsg, errorMsg):
    inputOK = False
    while not inputOK:
        val = input(requestMsg)
        if type(val) == type(1.0):
            inputOK = True
        else:
            print(errorMsg)
    return val

base = getFloat('Enter base: ', 'Error: base must be a float')
height = getFloat('Enter height: ', 'Error: height must be a float')
hyp = math.sqrt(base * base + height * height)
print 'Base: ' + str(base) + ',height: ' + str(height) + ', hyp: ' + str(hyp)

---

Efficiency 效率

Efficiency – orders of growth

• choice of algorithm 算法选择
• map a problem into a class of algorithms of some efficiency 把问题映射为高效的算法

space & time 时间 & 空间

• how much memory does it take 消耗多少存储空间
• what is the number of the basic steps needed as a function of the input size 进行计算的方法有几步

random access model 随机存取模型

• best case – min
• worst case – max
• expected case – avg