想要读懂启动文件，需要一些基本的汇编基础。
1 在汇编语言中，注释是 ;
2 汇编ARM指令DCD
DCD （ DCDU ） 用于分配一片连续的字存储单元并用指定的数据初始化。
语法格式：
标号 DCD （或 DCDU ） 表达式
DCD （或 DCDU ）伪指令用于分配一片连续的字存储单元并用伪指令中指定的表达式初始化。其中，表达式可以
为程序标号或数字表达式。 DCD 也可用 “ & ” 代替。
用 DCD 分配的字存储单元是字对齐的，而用 DCDU 分配的字存储单元并不严格字对齐。
使用示例：
DataTest DCD 4 ， 5 ， 6 ；分配一片连续的字存储单元并初始化。
3 [weak] 的意思是该函数优先级比较弱，如果其它地方定义了一个同名函数，那么此处的这个函数就被取代了。
语法格式为 EXPORT 标号 {[WEAK]} 。EXPORT 可用GLOBAL代替。
4AREA指令的理解
AREA指令是一个伪指令，用于段定义。ARM汇编程序由段组成，段是相对独立的指令或数据单位，每个段由AREA
伪指令定义，并定义段的属性。
AREA参数说明：
*STACK——AREA指令的一个参数，定义段名称
*NOINIT——AREA指令的一个参数，指定本数据段仅仅保留了内在单元，而将句初始值写入内存单元，此时内存单元值初始化为0
*READWRITE——指定本段为可读可写，数据段默认为READWRITE.
READWRITE(读写)、READONLY(只读)
*ALIGN——也是一个伪指令，指定对齐方式。ALIGN n 指令的对齐值有两种选择：n或者2^n
例子：开辟一个堆栈段，段名为STACK，定义为可读可写，将内存单元初始化为0，对齐方式为8字节对齐。
AREA STACK,NOINIT,READWRITE,ALIGN=3
;******************** (C) COPYRIGHT 2011 STMicroelectronics ********************
;* File Name : startup_stm32f10x_hd.s
;* Author : MCD Application Team
;* Version : V3.5.0
;* Date : 11-March-2011
;* Description : STM32F10x High Density Devices vector table for MDK-ARM
;* toolchain.
;* This module performs:
;* - Set the initial SP
;* - Set the initial PC == Reset_Handler
;* - Set the vector table entries with the exceptions ISR address
;* - Configure the clock system and also configure the external
;* SRAM mounted on STM3210E-EVAL board to be used as data
;* memory (optional, to be enabled by user)
;* - Branches to __main in the C library (which eventually
;* calls main()).
;* After Reset the CortexM3 processor is in Thread mode,
;* priority is Privileged, and the Stack is set to Main.
;* <<< Use Configuration Wizard in Context Menu >>>
;*******************************************************************************
; THE PRESENT FIRMWARE WHICH IS FOR GUIDANCE ONLY AIMS AT PROVIDING CUSTOMERS
; WITH CODING INFORMATION REGARDING THEIR PRODUCTS IN ORDER FOR THEM TO SAVE TIME.
; AS A RESULT, STMICROELECTRONICS SHALL NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
; INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WITH RESPECT TO ANY CLAIMS ARISING FROM THE
; CONTENT OF SUCH FIRMWARE AND/OR THE USE MADE BY CUSTOMERS OF THE CODING
; INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IN CONNECTION WITH THEIR PRODUCTS.
;*******************************************************************************
; Amount of memory (in bytes) allocated for Stack
; Tailor this value to your application needs
; <h> Stack Configuration
; <o> Stack Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; </h>
Stack_Size EQU 0x00001000 ;定义栈大小为4096 0x1000=4096
AREA STACK, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
Stack_Mem SPACE Stack_Size
__initial_sp
; <h> Heap Configuration
; <o> Heap Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; </h>
Heap_Size EQU 0x00001000 ;定义堆的空间为1024
AREA HEAP, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
__heap_base
Heap_Mem SPACE Heap_Size
__heap_limit
PRESERVE8
THUMB
; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset
AREA RESET, DATA, READONLY
EXPORT __Vectors
EXPORT __Vectors_End
EXPORT __Vectors_Size
__Vectors DCD __initial_sp ; Top of Stack
DCD Reset_Handler ; Reset Handler
DCD NMI_Handler ; NMI Handler
DCD HardFault_Handler ;硬件错误中断 ;Hard Fault Handler
DCD MemManage_Handler ;内存错误管理中断 ; MPU Fault Handler
DCD BusFault_Handler ;总线错误中断，一般发生在数据访问异常，比如FSMA访问不 ; Bus Fault Handler
DCD UsageFault_Handler ;用法错误中断，一般是预取值，或者是位置指令，数据处理等错误; Usage Fault Handler
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD SVC_Handler ;系统调用异常，主要是为了调用操作系统内核服务; SVCall Handler
DCD DebugMon_Handler ;调试监控异常; Debug Monitor Handler
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD PendSV_Handler ;挂起异常; PendSV Handler
DCD SysTick_Handler ;滴答定时器，为操作系统内核时钟; SysTick Handler
; External Interrupts ;外部向量中断表
DCD WWDG_IRQHandler ; Window Watchdog
DCD PVD_IRQHandler ; PVD through EXTI Line detect
DCD TAMPER_IRQHandler ; Tamper
DCD RTC_IRQHandler ; RTC
DCD FLASH_IRQHandler ; Flash
DCD RCC_IRQHandler ; RCC
DCD EXTI0_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 0
DCD EXTI1_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 1
DCD EXTI2_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 2
DCD EXTI3_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 3
DCD EXTI4_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 4
DCD DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 1
DCD DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 2
DCD DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 3
DCD DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 4
DCD DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 5
DCD DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 6
DCD DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 7
DCD ADC1_2_IRQHandler ; ADC1 & ADC2
DCD USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler ; USB High Priority or CAN1 TX
DCD USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler ; USB Low Priority or CAN1 RX0
DCD CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX1
DCD CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN1 SCE
DCD EXTI9_5_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 9..5
DCD TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Break
DCD TIM1_UP_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Update
DCD TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Trigger and Commutation
DCD TIM1_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Capture Compare
DCD TIM2_IRQHandler ; TIM2
DCD TIM3_IRQHandler ; TIM3
DCD TIM4_IRQHandler ; TIM4
DCD I2C1_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Event
DCD I2C1_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Error
DCD I2C2_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Event
DCD I2C2_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Error
DCD SPI1_IRQHandler ; SPI1
DCD SPI2_IRQHandler ; SPI2
DCD USART1_IRQHandler ; USART1
DCD USART2_IRQHandler ; USART2
DCD USART3_IRQHandler ; USART3
DCD EXTI15_10_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 15..10
DCD RTCAlarm_IRQHandler ; RTC Alarm through EXTI Line
DCD USBWakeUp_IRQHandler ; USB Wakeup from suspend
DCD TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Break
DCD TIM8_UP_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Update
DCD TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Trigger and Commutation
DCD TIM8_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Capture Compare
DCD ADC3_IRQHandler ; ADC3
DCD FSMC_IRQHandler ; FSMC
DCD SDIO_IRQHandler ; SDIO
DCD TIM5_IRQHandler ; TIM5
DCD SPI3_IRQHandler ; SPI3
DCD UART4_IRQHandler ; UART4 ;有一些启动文件里没有UART4的中断向量表，导致UART4中断不能被执行
DCD UART5_IRQHandler ; UART5
DCD TIM6_IRQHandler ; TIM6
DCD TIM7_IRQHandler ; TIM7
DCD DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel1
DCD DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel2
DCD DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel3
DCD DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel4 & Channel5
__Vectors_End ;中断向量表结束
__Vectors_Size EQU __Vectors_End - __Vectors ;计算中断向量表地址空间大小，进而得到向量表的大小
AREA |.text|, CODE, READONLY
; Reset handler
Reset_Handler PROC ;定义子程序PROC_Handler,这部分程序是单片机复位后最先执行的程序
EXPORT Reset_Handler [WEAK] ; 表示其他程序也可以调用这个函数，相当于C语言中的函数声明
; [weak] 的意思是该函数优先级比较弱，如果其它地方定义了一个同名函数，
; 那么此处的这个函数就被取代了。
; 语法格式为 EXPORT 标号 {[WEAK]} 。EXPORT 可用GLOBAL代替。
IMPORT __main ; 负责初始化栈、堆，配置系统环境，
;准备好 C 语言并在最后跳转到用户自定义的 main 函数
IMPORT SystemInit ;SystemInit是一个函数，这个函数需要我们自己来编写，主要是用来初始化STM32的时钟
LDR R0, =SystemInit ;把SystemInit的地址加载到寄存器R0
BLX R0 ;程序跳转到R0中的地址去执行，即执行SystemInit函数
LDR R0, =__main ;把_main的地址加载到R0中
BX R0 ;执行_main，执行完毕之后就去执行C语言环境中的main函数
ENDP
; Dummy Exception Handlers (infinite loops which can be modified)
; WEAK声明其他的同名标号优先于该标号被引用,就是说如果外面声明了的话，;会调用外面的
NMI_Handler PROC
EXPORT NMI_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
HardFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT HardFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
MemManage_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT MemManage_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
BusFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT BusFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
UsageFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT UsageFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
SVC_Handler PROC
EXPORT SVC_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
DebugMon_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT DebugMon_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
PendSV_Handler PROC
EXPORT PendSV_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
SysTick_Handler PROC
EXPORT SysTick_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
Default_Handler PROC
EXPORT WWDG_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT PVD_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TAMPER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RTC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT FLASH_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RCC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT ADC1_2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI9_5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_UP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C1_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C1_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C2_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C2_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI15_10_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RTCAlarm_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USBWakeUp_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_UP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT ADC3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT FSMC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SDIO_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT UART4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT UART5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM6_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM7_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
;如下定义的只是一些空函数
WWDG_IRQHandler
PVD_IRQHandler
TAMPER_IRQHandler
RTC_IRQHandler
FLASH_IRQHandler
RCC_IRQHandler
EXTI0_IRQHandler
EXTI1_IRQHandler
EXTI2_IRQHandler
EXTI3_IRQHandler
EXTI4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler
ADC1_2_IRQHandler
USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler
USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler
CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler
CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler
EXTI9_5_IRQHandler
TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler
TIM1_UP_IRQHandler
TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler
TIM1_CC_IRQHandler
TIM2_IRQHandler
TIM3_IRQHandler
TIM4_IRQHandler
I2C1_EV_IRQHandler
I2C1_ER_IRQHandler
I2C2_EV_IRQHandler
I2C2_ER_IRQHandler
SPI1_IRQHandler
SPI2_IRQHandler
USART1_IRQHandler
USART2_IRQHandler
USART3_IRQHandler
EXTI15_10_IRQHandler
RTCAlarm_IRQHandler
USBWakeUp_IRQHandler
TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler
TIM8_UP_IRQHandler
TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler
TIM8_CC_IRQHandler
ADC3_IRQHandler
FSMC_IRQHandler
SDIO_IRQHandler
TIM5_IRQHandler
SPI3_IRQHandler
UART4_IRQHandler
UART5_IRQHandler
TIM6_IRQHandler
TIM7_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler
B .
ENDP
ALIGN ;默认是字对齐方式，也说明了代码是4字节对齐的
;*******************************************************************************
; User Stack and Heap initialization
;*******************************************************************************
IF :DEF:__MICROLIB ;判断是否使用DEF:__MICROLIB
;microlib 是缺省 C 库的备选库
EXPORT __initial_sp ;如果使用使用的话则将栈顶地址，堆始末地址赋予全局属性，使外部程序可以使用
EXPORT __heap_base
EXPORT __heap_limit
else ;如果使用默认的C库运行
IMPORT __use_two_region_memory ;定义全局标号
EXPORT __user_initial_stackheap ;声明全局标号
__user_initial_stackheap ; 标号__user_initial_stackheap，表示用户堆栈初始化
; 此处是初始化两区的堆栈空间，堆是从由低到高的增长，栈是由高向低生长的，
; 两个是互相独立的数据段，并不能交叉使用。
LDR R0, = Heap_Mem ;保存堆始地址
LDR R1, =(Stack_Mem + Stack_Size) ;保存栈的大小
LDR R2, = (Heap_Mem + Heap_Size) ;保存堆的大小
LDR R3, = Stack_Mem ;保存栈顶指针
BX LR
ALIGN
ENDIF
END ;END 命令指示汇编器，已到达一个源文件的末尾。
;******************* (C) COPYRIGHT 2011 STMicroelectronics *****END OF FILE*****
参考资料：
1 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4f09c0b501016eo9.html
2 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5e0fa9860100u7tl.html
3 http://blog.163.com/somen111@126/blog/static/1155866842012038019219/
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