Bootstrap源码之旅-mixins解读(2)

粘贴代码又开始了！

forms.less

// Form validation states
//
// Used in forms.less to generate the form validation CSS for warnings, errors,
// and successes.

.form-control-validation(@text-color: #555; @border-color: #ccc; @background-color: #f5f5f5) {
  // Color the label and help text
  .help-block,
  .control-label,
  .radio,
  .checkbox,
  .radio-inline,
  .checkbox-inline,
  &.radio label,
  &.checkbox label,
  &.radio-inline label,
  &.checkbox-inline label  {
    color: @text-color;
  }
  // Set the border and box shadow on specific inputs to match
  .form-control {
    border-color: @border-color;
    .box-shadow(inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075)); // Redeclare so transitions work
    &:focus {
      border-color: darken(@border-color, 10%);
      @shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 6px lighten(@border-color, 20%);
      .box-shadow(@shadow);
    }
  }
  // Set validation states also for addons
  .input-group-addon {
    color: @text-color;
    border-color: @border-color;
    background-color: @background-color;
  }
  // Optional feedback icon
  .form-control-feedback {
    color: @text-color;
  }
}


// Form control focus state
//
// Generate a customized focus state and for any input with the specified color,
// which defaults to the `@input-border-focus` variable.
//
// We highly encourage you to not customize the default value, but instead use
// this to tweak colors on an as-needed basis. This aesthetic change is based on
// WebKit's default styles, but applicable to a wider range of browsers. Its
// usability and accessibility should be taken into account with any change.
//
// Example usage: change the default blue border and shadow to white for better
// contrast against a dark gray background.
.form-control-focus(@color: @input-border-focus) {
  @color-rgba: rgba(red(@color), green(@color), blue(@color), .6);
  &:focus {
    border-color: @color;
    outline: 0;
    .box-shadow(~"inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px @{color-rgba}");
  }
}

// Form control sizing
//
// Relative text size, padding, and border-radii changes for form controls. For
// horizontal sizing, wrap controls in the predefined grid classes. `<select>`
// element gets special love because it's special, and that's a fact!
.input-size(@input-height; @padding-vertical; @padding-horizontal; @font-size; @line-height; @border-radius) {
  height: @input-height;
  padding: @padding-vertical @padding-horizontal;
  font-size: @font-size;
  line-height: @line-height;
  border-radius: @border-radius;

  select& {
    height: @input-height;
    line-height: @input-height;
  }

  textarea&,
  select[multiple]& {
    height: auto;
  }
}

• form-control-validation是用来生成表单验证状态的样式。表单的验证无非是，成功了success，失败了error，有警告warning。主要是设置其中的字体颜色，边框颜色和背景颜色，以达到告诉我们验证状态的目的！
• form-control-focus,生成表单元素获取焦点时的样式
• input-size,生成输入控件的大小的样式，用来定制不同尺寸的表单元素样式。主要设置它的高度，padding，字体大小，行高和圆角半径。

gradients.less

// Gradients

#gradient {

  // Horizontal gradient, from left to right
  //
  // Creates two color stops, start and end, by specifying a color and position for each color stop.
  // Color stops are not available in IE9 and below.
  .horizontal(@start-color: #555; @end-color: #333; @start-percent: 0%; @end-percent: 100%) {
    background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, @start-color @start-percent, @end-color @end-percent); // Safari 5.1-6, Chrome 10+
    background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, @start-color @start-percent, @end-color @end-percent); // Opera 12
    background-image: linear-gradient(to right, @start-color @start-percent, @end-color @end-percent); // Standard, IE10, Firefox 16+, Opera 12.10+, Safari 7+, Chrome 26+
    background-repeat: repeat-x;
    filter: e(%("progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='%d', endColorstr='%d', GradientType=1)",argb(@start-color),argb(@end-color))); // IE9 and down
  }

  // Vertical gradient, from top to bottom
  //
  // Creates two color stops, start and end, by specifying a color and position for each color stop.
  // Color stops are not available in IE9 and below.
  .vertical(@start-color: #555; @end-color: #333; @start-percent: 0%; @end-percent: 100%) {
    background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, @start-color @start-percent, @end-color @end-percent);  // Safari 5.1-6, Chrome 10+
    background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, @start-color @start-percent, @end-color @end-percent);  // Opera 12
    background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, @start-color @start-percent, @end-color @end-percent); // Standard, IE10, Firefox 16+, Opera 12.10+, Safari 7+, Chrome 26+
    background-repeat: repeat-x;
    filter: e(%("progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='%d', endColorstr='%d', GradientType=0)",argb(@start-color),argb(@end-color))); // IE9 and down
  }

  .directional(@start-color: #555; @end-color: #333; @deg: 45deg) {
    background-repeat: repeat-x;
    background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(@deg, @start-color, @end-color); // Safari 5.1-6, Chrome 10+
    background-image: -o-linear-gradient(@deg, @start-color, @end-color); // Opera 12
    background-image: linear-gradient(@deg, @start-color, @end-color); // Standard, IE10, Firefox 16+, Opera 12.10+, Safari 7+, Chrome 26+
  }
  .horizontal-three-colors(@start-color: #00b3ee; @mid-color: #7a43b6; @color-stop: 50%; @end-color: #c3325f) {
    background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, @start-color, @mid-color @color-stop, @end-color);
    background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, @start-color, @mid-color @color-stop, @end-color);
    background-image: linear-gradient(to right, @start-color, @mid-color @color-stop, @end-color);
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    filter: e(%("progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='%d', endColorstr='%d', GradientType=1)",argb(@start-color),argb(@end-color))); // IE9 and down, gets no color-stop at all for proper fallback
  }
  .vertical-three-colors(@start-color: #00b3ee; @mid-color: #7a43b6; @color-stop: 50%; @end-color: #c3325f) {
    background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(@start-color, @mid-color @color-stop, @end-color);
    background-image: -o-linear-gradient(@start-color, @mid-color @color-stop, @end-color);
    background-image: linear-gradient(@start-color, @mid-color @color-stop, @end-color);
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    filter: e(%("progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='%d', endColorstr='%d', GradientType=0)",argb(@start-color),argb(@end-color))); // IE9 and down, gets no color-stop at all for proper fallback
  }
  .radial(@inner-color: #555; @outer-color: #333) {
    background-image: -webkit-radial-gradient(circle, @inner-color, @outer-color);
    background-image: radial-gradient(circle, @inner-color, @outer-color);
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
  }
  .striped(@color: rgba(255,255,255,.15); @angle: 45deg) {
    background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(@angle, @color 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, @color 50%, @color 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
    background-image: -o-linear-gradient(@angle, @color 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, @color 50%, @color 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
    background-image: linear-gradient(@angle, @color 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, @color 50%, @color 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  }
}

渐变，这个太高级，主要使用的是线性渐变，参考这个文章吧https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/CSS/linear-gradient
这里挑一个说一说，最底下的那个.striped。一看就知道这个用在了progress-bar中了。我们知道默认的进度条是一个纯色的长条。Bootstrap还提供了斑马线样式的滚动条。就是在progress-bar上再加上progress-bar-striped实现的。而这个progress-bar-striped类就是使用.striped类定义的。
感觉想说一下progress-bar的实现原理了。
先看下progress-bar的dom结构

<div class="progress"
    <div class="progress-bar" style="width:44%">
    </div>
</div>

• 外层progress是容器，定义了进度条的高度，圆角和盒阴影效果。
• 里层progress-bar是我们看到的有颜色的那部分。你想要百分之多少的进度，就设置它的width就可以了。

那么斑马线的效果.striped实现的原理是什么呢？
这里说下我自己的理解。 渐变线是45度的，由左下到右上。渐变颜色依次是不透明度为0.15的白色，透明来回交替。其实这种渐变我们是看不到效果的，因为它不是半透明就是透明。真正能看出效果的是同时设置了该元素的背景色background-color，这样设置的background-image为渐变就像是一个滤镜套在了background-color上。透明的部分当然显示的就是背景色了，半透明的部分当然就是看起来有点高亮的背景色了。这样就是斑马线效果了。如果只是这样，还做不到Bootstrap中的斑马显效果，这样只会时整个进度条走一次渐变。同时又设置了background-size:40px 40px。这样就达到了斑马线的效果！！！

grid-framework.less

// Framework grid generation
//
// Used only by Bootstrap to generate the correct number of grid classes given
// any value of `@grid-columns`.

.make-grid-columns() {
  // Common styles for all sizes of grid columns, widths 1-12
  .col(@index) { // initial
    @item: ~".col-xs-@{index}, .col-sm-@{index}, .col-md-@{index}, .col-lg-@{index}";
    .col((@index + 1), @item);
  }
  .col(@index, @list) when (@index =< @grid-columns) { // general; "=<" isn't a typo
    @item: ~".col-xs-@{index}, .col-sm-@{index}, .col-md-@{index}, .col-lg-@{index}";
    .col((@index + 1), ~"@{list}, @{item}");
  }
  .col(@index, @list) when (@index > @grid-columns) { // terminal
    @{list} {
      position: relative;
      // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
      min-height: 1px;
      // Inner gutter via padding
      padding-left:  ceil((@grid-gutter-width / 2));
      padding-right: floor((@grid-gutter-width / 2));
    }
  }
  .col(1); // kickstart it
}

.float-grid-columns(@class) {
  .col(@index) { // initial
    @item: ~".col-@{class}-@{index}";
    .col((@index + 1), @item);
  }
  .col(@index, @list) when (@index =< @grid-columns) { // general
    @item: ~".col-@{class}-@{index}";
    .col((@index + 1), ~"@{list}, @{item}");
  }
  .col(@index, @list) when (@index > @grid-columns) { // terminal
    @{list} {
      float: left;
    }
  }
  .col(1); // kickstart it
}

.calc-grid-column(@index, @class, @type) when (@type = width) and (@index > 0) {
  .col-@{class}-@{index} {
    width: percentage((@index / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.calc-grid-column(@index, @class, @type) when (@type = push) and (@index > 0) {
  .col-@{class}-push-@{index} {
    left: percentage((@index / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.calc-grid-column(@index, @class, @type) when (@type = push) and (@index = 0) {
  .col-@{class}-push-0 {
    left: auto;
  }
}
.calc-grid-column(@index, @class, @type) when (@type = pull) and (@index > 0) {
  .col-@{class}-pull-@{index} {
    right: percentage((@index / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.calc-grid-column(@index, @class, @type) when (@type = pull) and (@index = 0) {
  .col-@{class}-pull-0 {
    right: auto;
  }
}
.calc-grid-column(@index, @class, @type) when (@type = offset) {
  .col-@{class}-offset-@{index} {
    margin-left: percentage((@index / @grid-columns));
  }
}

// Basic looping in LESS
.loop-grid-columns(@index, @class, @type) when (@index >= 0) {
  .calc-grid-column(@index, @class, @type);
  // next iteration
  .loop-grid-columns((@index - 1), @class, @type);
}

// Create grid for specific class
.make-grid(@class) {
  .float-grid-columns(@class);
  .loop-grid-columns(@grid-columns, @class, width);
  .loop-grid-columns(@grid-columns, @class, pull);
  .loop-grid-columns(@grid-columns, @class, push);
  .loop-grid-columns(@grid-columns, @class, offset);
}

创建网格布局系统的，我觉得这段代码有必要研究一下，就可以从中学到好多less的东西，这段代码竟然还用到了递归，一个牛字了得。

grid.less

// Grid system
//
// Generate semantic grid columns with these mixins.

// Centered container element
.container-fixed(@gutter: @grid-gutter-width) {
  margin-right: auto;
  margin-left: auto;
  padding-left:  floor((@gutter / 2));
  padding-right: ceil((@gutter / 2));
  &:extend(.clearfix all);
}

// Creates a wrapper for a series of columns
.make-row(@gutter: @grid-gutter-width) {
  margin-left:  ceil((@gutter / -2));
  margin-right: floor((@gutter / -2));
  &:extend(.clearfix all);
}

// Generate the extra small columns
.make-xs-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) {
  position: relative;
  float: left;
  width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  min-height: 1px;
  padding-left:  (@gutter / 2);
  padding-right: (@gutter / 2);
}
.make-xs-column-offset(@columns) {
  margin-left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
}
.make-xs-column-push(@columns) {
  left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
}
.make-xs-column-pull(@columns) {
  right: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
}

// Generate the small columns
.make-sm-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) {
  position: relative;
  min-height: 1px;
  padding-left:  (@gutter / 2);
  padding-right: (@gutter / 2);

  @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) {
    float: left;
    width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-sm-column-offset(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) {
    margin-left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-sm-column-push(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) {
    left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-sm-column-pull(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) {
    right: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}

// Generate the medium columns
.make-md-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) {
  position: relative;
  min-height: 1px;
  padding-left:  (@gutter / 2);
  padding-right: (@gutter / 2);

  @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) {
    float: left;
    width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-md-column-offset(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) {
    margin-left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-md-column-push(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) {
    left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-md-column-pull(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) {
    right: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}

// Generate the large columns
.make-lg-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) {
  position: relative;
  min-height: 1px;
  padding-left:  (@gutter / 2);
  padding-right: (@gutter / 2);

  @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) {
    float: left;
    width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-lg-column-offset(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) {
    margin-left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-lg-column-push(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) {
    left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-lg-column-pull(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) {
    right: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}