OpenGL--贝塞尔曲线或曲面

• 理论基础
  贝塞尔曲线和曲面：OpenGL只能直接绘制基本图元，对于曲线和曲面我们一般采用一系列线段或多边形来模拟的，这样当线段或多边形增多时必定很耗性能。其实对于这种曲线和曲面，我们可以使用一些控制点，通过求值器程序先计算出坐标等信息，然后直接用这些数据绘制，这样不仅节省内存，还提高了模拟曲线或曲面的精度(本质还是通过线段或多边形绘制的，只是求值器提前算出了曲线或曲面的顶点信息)。
  求值器使用一般步骤：1，启用求值器 2，定义求值器 3，执行求值器。

注释：OpenGl3.1后，本节内容都已经废弃了，这些顶点着色器都可以实现了。

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• 代码示例
  1，曲线

#include "GLTools.h"

#ifdef __APPLE__
#include <glut/glut.h>
#else
#define FREEGLUT_STATIC
#include <GL/glut.h>
#endif

//控制点
GLfloat ctrlpoints[4][3] = {
    { -4.0, -4.0, 0.0}, { -2.0, 4.0, 0.0},
    {2.0, -4.0, 0.0}, {4.0, 4.0, 0.0}};

void init(void)
{
    glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    glShadeModel(GL_FLAT);
    //定义一维求值器
    glMap1f(GL_MAP1_VERTEX_3, 0.0, 1.0, 3, 4, &ctrlpoints[0][0]);
    //启动求职器
    glEnable(GL_MAP1_VERTEX_3);
}

void display(void)
{
    int i;

    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
    glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
    for (i = 0; i <= 30; i++)
        glEvalCoord1f((GLfloat) i/30.0);//执行求值器，每执行一次产生一个坐标
    glEnd();

    //绘制4个控制点
    glPointSize(5.0);
    glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
    glBegin(GL_POINTS);
    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        glVertex3fv(&ctrlpoints[i][0]);
    glEnd();
    glFlush();
}

void reshape(int w, int h)
{
    glViewport(0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();
    if (w <= h)
        glOrtho(-5.0, 5.0, -5.0*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w,
                5.0*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w, -5.0, 5.0);
    else
        glOrtho(-5.0*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h,
                5.0*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, -5.0, 5.0, -5.0, 5.0);
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    glLoadIdentity();
}

void keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
    switch (key) {
        case 27:
            exit(0);
            break;
    }
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    glutInit(&argc, argv);
    glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
    glutInitWindowSize (500, 500);
    glutInitWindowPosition (100, 100);
    glutCreateWindow (argv[0]);
    init ();
    glutDisplayFunc(display);
    glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
    glutKeyboardFunc (keyboard);
    glutMainLoop();
    return 0;
}

2，曲面

#include "GLTools.h"

#ifdef __APPLE__
#include <glut/glut.h>
#else
#define FREEGLUT_STATIC
#include <GL/glut.h>
#endif

GLfloat ctrlpoints[4][4][3] = {
    {{ -1.5, -1.5, 4.0}, { -0.5, -1.5, 2.0},
        {0.5, -1.5, -1.0}, {1.5, -1.5, 2.0}},
    {{ -1.5, -0.5, 1.0}, { -0.5, -0.5, 3.0},
        {0.5, -0.5, 0.0}, {1.5, -0.5, -1.0}},
    {{ -1.5, 0.5, 4.0}, { -0.5, 0.5, 0.0},
        {0.5, 0.5, 3.0}, {1.5, 0.5, 4.0}},
    {{ -1.5, 1.5, -2.0}, { -0.5, 1.5, -2.0},
        {0.5, 1.5, 0.0}, {1.5, 1.5, -1.0}}
};

GLfloat texpts[2][2][2] = {{{0.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 1.0}},
    {{1.0, 0.0}, {1.0, 1.0}}};

void display(void)
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
    glEvalMesh2(GL_FILL, 0, 20, 0, 20);//glMapGrid2f()均匀产生坐标值，这里执行绘制
    glFlush();
}

#define imageWidth 64
#define imageHeight 64
GLubyte image[3*imageWidth*imageHeight];
//纹理数据
void makeImage(void)
{
    int i, j;
    float ti, tj;

    for (i = 0; i < imageWidth; i++) {
        ti = 2.0*3.14159265*i/imageWidth;
        for (j = 0; j < imageHeight; j++) {
            tj = 2.0*3.14159265*j/imageHeight;

            image[3*(imageHeight*i+j)] = (GLubyte) 127*(1.0+sin(ti));
            image[3*(imageHeight*i+j)+1] = (GLubyte) 127*(1.0+cos(2*tj));
            image[3*(imageHeight*i+j)+2] = (GLubyte) 127*(1.0+cos(ti+tj));
        }
    }
}

void init(void)
{
    //定义了两个求值器程序
    glMap2f(GL_MAP2_VERTEX_3, 0, 1, 3, 4,
            0, 1, 12, 4, &ctrlpoints[0][0][0]);
    glMap2f(GL_MAP2_TEXTURE_COORD_2, 0, 1, 2, 2,
            0, 1, 4, 2, &texpts[0][0][0]);
    glEnable(GL_MAP2_TEXTURE_COORD_2);
    glEnable(GL_MAP2_VERTEX_3);
    glMapGrid2f(20, 0.0, 1.0, 20, 0.0, 1.0);//均匀产生坐标

    //纹理属性设置
    makeImage();
    glTexEnvf(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_DECAL);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, imageWidth, imageHeight, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
    glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glShadeModel (GL_FLAT);
}

void reshape(int w, int h)
{
    glViewport(0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();
    if (w <= h)
        glOrtho(-4.0, 4.0, -4.0*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w,
                4.0*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w, -4.0, 4.0);
    else
        glOrtho(-4.0*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h,
                4.0*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, -4.0, 4.0, -4.0, 4.0);
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    glLoadIdentity();
    glRotatef(85.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
}

void keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
    switch (key) {
        case 27:
            exit(0);
            break;
    }
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    glutInit(&argc, argv);
    glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH);
    glutInitWindowSize (500, 500);
    glutInitWindowPosition (100, 100);
    glutCreateWindow (argv[0]);
    init ();
    glutDisplayFunc(display);
    glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
    glutKeyboardFunc(keyboard);
    glutMainLoop();
    return 0;

}