openstack的公共库(oslo)的使用

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最新推荐文章于 2024-08-07 10:19:06 发布

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作者：柯晓东
团队：华为杭州OpenStack团队

为了降低代码冗余度，openstack社区开发了很多公共库。通过这些公共库，可以很容易弄出一个完善鉴权、分布式、易配置、带调用链日志的REST服务。

oslo库的缺点是需要的背景知识比较多，英文文档写的又很简单，要真正用起来，没有几个demo会寸步难行。本文的目的就是通过demo，降低大家使用oslo库的难度。

1. oslo常用组件的一览表

库名	作用	背景知识
oslo.config	配置文件	无
oslo.utils	工具库	无
oslo.service	带ssl的REST服务器	wsgi
oslo.log + oslo.context	带调用链的日志系统	无
oslo.messaging	RPC调用	amqp
oslo.db	数据库	sqlalchemy
oslo.rootwrap	Linux的sudo	无
oslo.serialization	序列化	无
oslo.i18n	国际化	无
oslo.policy	权限系统	deploy paste
oslo.middleware	pipeline	deploy paste
keystonemiddleware	用户系统	deploy paste + keystone
oslo_test	测试	unittest

2. 配置文件 oslo.config

它把配置项直接融入你的代码内，例子如下：

app.conf

[DEFAULT]username=app[rabbit]host = 192.168.1.7port = 5672

myconfig.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import sysfrom oslo_config import cfg#默认组的配置项service_opts = [    cfg.StrOpt('username',               default='default',               help='user name'),    cfg.StrOpt('password',               help='password')]#自定义配置组rabbit_group = cfg.OptGroup(    name='rabbit',     title='RabbitMQ options')# 配置组中的多配置项模式 rabbit_Opts = [    cfg.StrOpt('host',               default='localhost',               help='IP/hostname to listen on.'),    cfg.IntOpt('port',               default=5672,               help='Port number to listen on.')]CONF = cfg.CONF#注册默认组的配置项CONF.register_opts(service_opts)#配置组必须在其组件被注册前注册！CONF.register_group(rabbit_group)#注册配置组中含有多个配置项的模式，必须指明配置组CONF.register_opts(rabbit_Opts, rabbit_group)#设置默认的日志文件名CONF(sys.argv[1:], default_config_files=['app.conf'])#使用配置项print ("username=%s  rabbitmq.host=%s " % (CONF.username, CONF.rabbit.host))

3. 工具库 oslo.utils

函数名	作用
oslo_utils.encodeutils.exception_to_unicode(exc)	异常消息转unicode
oslo_utils.encodeutils.safe_decode(text, incoming=None, errors='strict')	其他编码转unicode
oslo_utils.encodeutils.safe_encode(text, incoming=None, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')	unicode转其他编码，默认utf-8
oslo_utils.encodeutils.to_utf8(text)	unicode转utf-8
oslo_utils.eventletutils.fetch_current_thread_functor()	获取当前线程的结构体
oslo_utils.fileutils.delete_if_exists(path)	删除文件
oslo_utils.fileutils.ensure_tree(path, mode=511)	创建文件夹
oslo_utils.fileutils.remove_path_on_error(path)	删除文件夹
oslo_utils.fileutils.write_to_tempfile(content, path=None, suffix='', prefix='tmp')	写入临时文件
oslo_utils.importutils.import_any(module, *modules)	动态导入一个python包
oslo_utils.importutils.import_class(import_str)	动态导入一个python类
oslo_utils.importutils.import_object(import_str, args, *kwargs)	动态导入一个python对象
oslo_utils.importutils.try_import(import_str, default=None)	尝试导入一个包，失败了用default
oslo_utils.netutils.get_my_ipv4()	获取本地的ipv4地址
oslo_utils.netutils.is_ipv6_enabled()	查看本地网络是否允许ipv6
oslo_utils.netutils.is_valid_cidr(address)	判断一个地址是否合法
oslo_utils.netutils.is_valid_ip(address)	判断ip是否合法
oslo_utils.netutils.is_valid_ipv4(address)	判断是否是合法的ipv4地址
oslo_utils.netutils.is_valid_ipv6(address)	判断是否是合法的ipv6地址
oslo_utils.netutils.urlsplit(url, scheme='', allow_fragments=True)	类似urlparse.urlsplit()，切分url
oslo_utils.reflection.accepts_kwargs(function)	查看函数是否接受kwargs类似的参数
oslo_utils.reflection.get_class_name(obj, fully_qualified=True)	获取对象的类名
oslo_utils.reflection.get_all_class_names(obj, up_to=<type 'object'>)	获取父类名字
oslo_utils.reflection.get_callable_args(function, required_only=False)	获取函数能传的参数
oslo_utils.reflection.get_member_names(obj, exclude_hidden=True)	获取对象的属性名
oslo_utils.reflection.get_members(obj, exclude_hidden=True)	获取对象的属性
oslo_utils.reflection.get_method_self(method)	获取函数的self
oslo_utils.reflection.is_subclass(obj, cls)	obj是否是cls的子类
oslo_utils.strutils.bool_from_string(subject, strict=False, default=False)	str转bool
oslo_utils.strutils.check_string_length(value, name=None, min_length=0, max_length=None)	检查字符串长度
oslo_utils.strutils.int_from_bool_as_string(subject)	bool转int
oslo_utils.strutils.is_int_like(val)	检查是否是数字
oslo_utils.strutils.mask_dict_password(dictionary, secret='***')	将字符串中的password替换掉
oslo_utils.strutils.mask_password(message, secret='***')	将字符串中的password替换掉
oslo_utils.strutils.string_to_bytes(text, unit_system='IEC', return_int=False)	str转bytes
oslo_utils.timeutils.delta_seconds(before, after)	计算时间差
oslo_utils.timeutils.is_newer_than(after, seconds)	比较时间
oslo_utils.timeutils.isotime(at=None, subsecond=False)	时间转iso格式
oslo_utils.timeutils.parse_strtime(timestr, fmt='%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f')	字符串转时间
oslo_utils.timeutils.strtime(at=None, fmt='%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f')	时间转字符串
oslo_utils.timeutils.utcnow(with_timezone=False)	获取当前时间
oslo_utils.uuidutils.generate_uuid()	产生一个uuid
oslo_utils.uuidutils.is_uuid_like(val)	检查字符串是否是uuid
oslo_utils.versionutils.convert_version_to_int(version)	version转int
oslo_utils.versionutils.convert_version_to_str(version_int)	version转字符串

4. REST服务器 oslo.service

oslo.service比较负责，因为它透传了很多wsgi的参数，这些其实是开发者不希望直接看到的。下面的例子在oslo.service的基础上再封装了一个小的MiniService，这样用起来会比较方便。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import sysfrom webob import Request#引入配置文件from oslo_config import cfg#引入带调用链的日志from oslo_log import log as loggingfrom oslo_context import context#引入REST服务from oslo_service import servicefrom oslo_service import wsgiCONF = cfg.CONFLOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)logging.register_options(CONF)logging.setup(CONF, "m19k")#mini服务class MiniService:    def __init__(self, host = "0.0.0.0", port = "9000", workers = 1, use_ssl = False, cert_file = None, ca_file = None):        self.host = host        self.port = port        self.workers = workers        self.use_ssl = use_ssl        self.cert_file = cert_file        self.ca_file = ca_file        self._actions = {}        def add_action(self, url_path, action):        if (url_path.lower() == "default") or (url_path == "/") or (url_path == ""):            url_path = "default"        elif (not url_path.startswith("/")):            url_path = "/" + url_path        self._actions[url_path] = action        def _app(self, environ, start_response):        context.RequestContext()        LOG.debug("start action.")        request = Request(environ)        action = self._actions.get(environ['PATH_INFO'])        if action == None:            action = self._actions.get("default")        if action != None:            result = action(environ, request.method, request.path_info, request.query_string, request.body)            try:                result[1]            except Exception,e:                result = ('200 OK', str(result))            start_response(result[0], [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])            return result[1]        start_response("200 OK",[('Content-type', 'text/html')])        return "mini service is ok/n"            def start(self):        self.server = wsgi.Server(CONF,                                  "m19k",                                  self._app,                                  host = self.host,                                  port = self.port,                                  use_ssl = self.use_ssl)        launcher = service.ProcessLauncher(CONF)        launcher.launch_service(self.server, workers = self.workers)        LOG.debug("launch service (%s:%s)." % (self.host, self.port))        launcher.wait()

使用上述miniserver即可创建一个REST服务器，代码如下

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import sysfrom oslo_config import cfgfrom oslo_log import log as loggingimport miniserviceCONF = cfg.CONFLOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)def default_action(env, method, path, query, body):    LOG.info("demo action (method:%s, path:%s, query:%s, body:%s)"        % (method, path, query, body))    return ("200 OK", "default")def test_action(env, method, path, query, body):    LOG.info("test (method:%s, path:%s, query:%s, body:%s)"        % (method, path, query, body))    return ("200 OK", "test")if __name__ == "__main__":    CONF(sys.argv[1:])    host = getattr(CONF, "host", "0.0.0.0")    port = getattr(CONF, "port", "8001")    service = miniservice.MiniService(host, port)    service.add_action("", default_action)    service.add_action("test", test_action)    service.start()

通过curl即可测试

curl http://localhost:8001/test -H "content-type:application/json" -X POST -d "{'a':'b', 'c':'1'}"

当然还可以通过自定义的python的httpclient，代码如下：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import uuidimport socketimport functoolsimport requestsfrom oslo_config import cfgfrom oslo_log import log as loggingfrom oslo_serialization import jsonutilsclient_opts = [    cfg.BoolOpt('debug',                default=False,                help="Print log in every request"),]CONF = cfg.CONFCONF.register_opts(client_opts)LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)class HttpClient(object):    def __init__(self, cert=None, timeout=None, session=None):        self.cert = cert        self.timeout = None        if not session:            session = requests.Session()            # Use TCPKeepAliveAdapter to fix bug 1323862            for scheme in list(session.adapters):                session.mount(scheme, TCPKeepAliveAdapter())        self.session = session    def request(self, url, method, json=None, connect_retries=0, **kwargs):        #设置Http头，一般用于存储认证信息和格式信息        headers = kwargs.setdefault('headers', dict())        if self.cert:            kwargs.setdefault('cert', self.cert)        if self.timeout is not None:            kwargs.setdefault('timeout', self.timeout)        user_agent = headers.setdefault('User-Agent', uuid.uuid4().hex)        if json is not None:            headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json'            kwargs['data'] = jsonutils.dumps(json)        #设置重试        send = functools.partial(self._send_request, url, method, connect_retries)        #获取response        resp = send(**kwargs)        return resp    def _send_request(self, url, method, connect_retries, connect_retry_delay=0.5, **kwargs):        try:            if CONF.debug:                LOG.debug("REQ:{url:%s, method:%s}" % (url, method))            resp = self.session.request(method, url, **kwargs)        except (requests.exceptions.Timeout, requests.exceptions.ConnectionError) as e:            if connect_retries <= 0:                raise            time.sleep(connect_retry_delay)            return self._send_request(                url, method, connect_retries=connect_retries - 1,                connect_retry_delay=connect_retry_delay * 2,                **kwargs)        if CONF.debug:            LOG.debug("RESP:{url:%s, method:%s, status:%s}" % (url, method, resp.status_code))        return resp    def head(self, url, **kwargs):        return self.request(url, 'HEAD', **kwargs)    def get(self, url, **kwargs):        return self.request(url, 'GET', **kwargs)    def post(self, url, **kwargs):        return self.request(url, 'POST', **kwargs)    def put(self, url, **kwargs):        return self.request(url, 'PUT', **kwargs)    def delete(self, url, **kwargs):        return self.request(url, 'DELETE', **kwargs)    def patch(self, url, **kwargs):        return self.request(url, 'PATCH', **kwargs)#用于解决TCP Keep-Alive的补丁class TCPKeepAliveAdapter(requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter):    def init_poolmanager(self, *args, **kwargs):        if 'socket_options' not in kwargs:            socket_options = [                # Keep Nagle's algorithm off                (socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1),                # Turn on TCP Keep-Alive                (socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1),            ]            if hasattr(socket, 'TCP_KEEPIDLE'):                socket_options += [                    # Wait 60 seconds before sending keep-alive probes                    (socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPIDLE, 60)                ]            if hasattr(socket, 'TCP_KEEPCNT'):                socket_options += [                    # Set the maximum number of keep-alive probes                    (socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPCNT, 4)                ]            if hasattr(socket, 'TCP_KEEPINTVL'):                socket_options += [                    # Send keep-alive probes every 15 seconds                    (socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPINTVL, 15)                ]            kwargs['socket_options'] = socket_options        super(TCPKeepAliveAdapter, self).init_poolmanager(*args, **kwargs)httpclient = HttpClient()print httpclient.request("http://localhost:8001/test", "POST", "{'a':'b'}")

5. 日志和调用链 oslo.log + oslo.context
纯粹的oslo.log是很容易使用的，参见下面的例子：

from oslo_config import cfgfrom oslo_log import log as loggingLOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)CONF = cfg.CONFDOMAIN = "demo"logging.register_options(CONF)logging.setup(CONF, DOMAIN)# Oslo Logging uses INFO as defaultLOG.info("Oslo Logging")LOG.warning("Oslo Logging")LOG.error("Oslo Logging")

而oslo.context（所谓的调用链），指的是每个Rest请求里面，在打印日志的时候都会带一个不变的request_id，由此可以分离出单次操作的日志。
在上述miniservice中，在REST的入口处，通过

context.RequestContext()

即生成了这样的request_id，之后每次log都会自动带上它。

6. RPC调用 oslo.messaging

一个服务对外是REST接口，而服务内部的多个组件走的是RPC。Openstack中，RPC一般用rabbitmq来实现，oslo.messaging就是封装它的。可惜的是，它也要让读者有amqp的背景知识。

server.py

from oslo_config import cfgimport oslo_messagingfrom oslo_log import log as loggingimport timeCONF = cfg.CONFLOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)logging.register_options(CONF)logging.setup(CONF, "myservice")CONF(default_config_files=['app.conf'])class ServerControlEndpoint(object):    target = oslo_messaging.Target(namespace='control',                                   version='2.0')    def __init__(self, server):        self.server = server    def stop(self, ctx):        if self.server:            self.server.stop()class TestEndpoint(object):    def test(self, ctx, arg):        print "test"        print arg        return argtransport = oslo_messaging.get_transport(cfg.CONF)target = oslo_messaging.Target(topic='test123', server='server1')endpoints = [    ServerControlEndpoint(None),    TestEndpoint(),]server = oslo_messaging.get_rpc_server(transport, target, endpoints,                                       executor='blocking')try:    server.start()    while True:        time.sleep(1)except KeyboardInterrupt:    print("Stopping server")server.stop()server.wait()

client.py

import oslo_messaging as messagingfrom oslo_context import contextfrom oslo_config import cfgfrom oslo_log import log as loggingCONF = cfg.CONFLOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)logging.register_options(CONF)logging.setup(CONF, "myservice")CONF(default_config_files=['app.conf'])ctxt = {}arg = {'a':'b'}transport = messaging.get_transport(cfg.CONF)target = messaging.Target(topic='test123')client = messaging.RPCClient(transport, target)client.call(ctxt, 'test', arg=arg)