这篇文章里面介绍的Mesh结构可以单独刷新frame, 而在Plane,Cube中设置颜色和定点。可以借鉴。
I have a feeling that some of you have tried my tutorials and then thought "This is a 3D tutorial, but why is everything in 2D?". So in this tutorial we will make some real 3D meshes. This is also necessary for the following tutorials.
When I started I had problems with finding out how to programmatic make different meshes like cubes, cones and so on. I needed this so I easy easy could put my scenes together. So this tutorial will show how to make some of the basic primitives. They might not be the most effective way of creating them but it is a way of doing them.
Starting point will be from the source of the second tutorial. I will show you plane and cube and then give you a couple of hint for additional primitives.
Design
A good place to start when designing an OpenGL framework is to use the composite pattern. This is a start of how I would proceed:
Let's start making out pattern.
Mesh
It's a good idea to have a common base for your meshes. So let us start by creating a class called Mesh.
package
se.jayway
.opengl
.tutorial
.mesh
;
public
class
Mesh {
}
We add the draw function from previous example, since I when over this function in a previous tutorial I just show it here:
// Our vertex buffer.
private
FloatBuffer verticesBuffer = null
;
// Our index buffer.
private
ShortBuffer indicesBuffer = null
;
// The number of indices.
private
int
numOfIndices = -1
;
// Flat Color
private
float
[
]
rgba = new
float
[
]
{
1
.0f, 1
.0f, 1
.0f, 1
.0f}
;
// Smooth Colors
private
FloatBuffer colorBuffer = null
;
public
void
draw(
GL10 gl)
{
// Counter-clockwise winding.
gl.glFrontFace
(
GL10.GL_CCW
)
;
// Enable face culling.
gl.glEnable
(
GL10.GL_CULL_FACE
)
;
// What faces to remove with the face culling.
gl.glCullFace
(
GL10.GL_BACK
)
;
// Enabled the vertices buffer for writing and to be used during
// rendering.
gl.glEnableClientState
(
GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY
)
;
// Specifies the location and data format of an array of vertex
// coordinates to use when rendering.
gl.glVertexPointer
(
3
, GL10.GL_FLOAT
, 0
, verticesBuffer)
;
// Set flat color
gl.glColor4f
(
rgba[
0
]
, rgba[
1
]
, rgba[
2
]
, rgba[
3
]
)
;
// Smooth color
if
(
colorBuffer != null
)
{
// Enable the color array buffer to be used during rendering.
gl.glEnableClientState
(
GL10.GL_COLOR_ARRAY
)
;
// Point out the where the color buffer is.
gl.glColorPointer
(
4
, GL10.GL_FLOAT
, 0
, colorBuffer)
;
}
gl.glDrawElements
(
GL10.GL_TRIANGLES
, numOfIndices,
GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT
, indicesBuffer)
;
// Disable the vertices buffer.
gl.glDisableClientState
(
GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY
)
;
// Disable face culling.
gl.glDisable
(
GL10.GL_CULL_FACE
)
;
}
We need functions where the subclasses can set the vertices and the indices. These function contains nothing new and are pretty much the same as you seen in earlier tutorials.
protected
void
setVertices(
float
[
]
vertices)
{
// a float is 4 bytes, therefore we multiply the number if
// vertices with 4.
ByteBuffer vbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect
(
vertices.length
* 4
)
;
vbb.order
(
ByteOrder.nativeOrder
(
)
)
;
verticesBuffer = vbb.asFloatBuffer
(
)
;
verticesBuffer.put
(
vertices)
;
verticesBuffer.position
(
0
)
;
}
protected
void
setIndices(
short
[
]
indices)
{
// short is 2 bytes, therefore we multiply the number if
// vertices with 2.
ByteBuffer ibb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect
(
indices.length
* 2
)
;
ibb.order
(
ByteOrder.nativeOrder
(
)
)
;
indicesBuffer = ibb.asShortBuffer
(
)
;
indicesBuffer.put
(
indices)
;
indicesBuffer.position
(
0
)
;
numOfIndices = indices.length
;
}
protected
void
setColor(
float
red, float
green, float
blue, float
alpha)
{
// Setting the flat color.
rgba[
0
]
= red;
rgba[
1
]
= green;
rgba[
2
]
= blue;
rgba[
3
]
= alpha;
}
protected
void
setColors(
float
[
]
colors)
{
// float has 4 bytes.
ByteBuffer cbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect
(
colors.length
* 4
)
;
cbb.order
(
ByteOrder.nativeOrder
(
)
)
;
colorBuffer = cbb.asFloatBuffer
(
)
;
colorBuffer.put
(
colors)
;
colorBuffer.position
(
0
)
;
}
We need to add a couple of things. When we start working with multiple meshes we need to be able to move and rotate them individual so let us add translation and rotation parameters:
// Translate params.
public
float
x = 0
;
public
float
y = 0
;
public
float
z = 0
;
// Rotate params.
public
float
rx = 0
;
public
float
ry = 0
;
public
float
rz = 0
;And use them in the draw function add this lines just before the gl.glDrawElements call.
gl.glTranslatef
(
x, y, z)
;
gl.glRotatef
(
rx, 1
, 0
, 0
)
;
gl.glRotatef
(
ry, 0
, 1
, 0
)
;
gl.glRotatef
(
rz, 0
, 0
, 1
)
;Plane
Let us start making a plane an quite easy task you might think and it kinda is. But to make it more interesting and more useful we need to be able to create it with some different settings like: width, depth, how many width segments and how many depth segments.
Just so we have the same terminology, width is the length over the x-axis, depth is over the z-axis and height is over the y-axis. Look at the image below as a visual input.
Width, height and depth.
Segments is how many parts the length should be divided by. This is useful if you need to make a surface that is not total even. If you create a plane over x, y and make z not all be 0 say you give z a random span from -0.1 to 0.1 you will get something you could use as a ground plane in a game just put a nice texture on it.
Segments.
Looking at the image above you see that the different segments gives you squares. Since we like it to be triangles so just split them up into 2 triangles.
I hate frameworks and classes that don't have a default setup and easy class constructors I try to always have more then one constructor. The constructors I will put in this plane is:
For an easy and quick setup:
// Gives you a plane that is 1 unit wide and 1 unit high with just one segment over width and height.
public
Plane(
)
An easy one just to change the size:
// Let you decide the size of the plane but still only one segment.
public
Plane(
float
width, float
height)
And finally one for setting up the plane with different segments:
// For alla your settings.
public
Plane(
float
width, float
height, int
widthSegments, int
heightSegments)
If I in theory would construct a plane that is 1 unit wide and 1 units high with 4 segments in both width and height direction it would look like this images:
The one to the left shows the segments and the one to the right show us the faces we need to create.
package
se.jayway
.opengl
.tutorial
.mesh
;
public
class
Plane extends
Mesh {
public
Plane(
)
{
this
(
1
, 1
, 1
, 1
)
;
}
public
Plane(
float
width, float
height)
{
this
(
width, height, 1
, 1
)
;
}
public
Plane(
float
width, float
height, int
widthSegments,
int
heightSegments)
{
float
[
]
vertices = new
float
[
(
widthSegments + 1
)
* (
heightSegments + 1
)
* 3
]
;
short
[
]
indices = new
short
[
(
widthSegments + 1
)
* (
heightSegments + 1
)
* 6
]
;
float
xOffset = width / -2
;
float
yOffset = height / -2
;
float
xWidth = width / (
widthSegments)
;
float
yHeight = height / (
heightSegments)
;
int
currentVertex = 0
;
int
currentIndex = 0
;
short
w = (
short
)
(
widthSegments + 1
)
;
for
(
int
y = 0
; y < heightSegments + 1
; y++)
{
for
(
int
x = 0
; x < widthSegments + 1
; x++)
{
vertices[
currentVertex]
= xOffset + x * xWidth;
vertices[
currentVertex + 1
]
= yOffset + y * yHeight;
vertices[
currentVertex + 2
]
= 0
;
currentVertex += 3
;
int
n = y * (
widthSegments + 1
)
+ x;
if
(
y < heightSegments && x < widthSegments)
{
// Face one
indices[
currentIndex]
= (
short
)
n;
indices[
currentIndex + 1
]
= (
short
)
(
n + 1
)
;
indices[
currentIndex + 2
]
= (
short
)
(
n + w)
;
// Face two
indices[
currentIndex + 3
]
= (
short
)
(
n + 1
)
;
indices[
currentIndex + 4
]
= (
short
)
(
n + 1
+ w)
;
indices[
currentIndex + 5
]
= (
short
)
(
n + 1
+ w - 1
)
;
currentIndex += 6
;
}
}
}
setIndices(
indices)
;
setVertices(
vertices)
;
}
}
Cube
The next step I think a cube will be nice. I will only make a cube that you can set: height, width and depth on but I suggest you as a practice make it with segments just as we did with the plane.
The constructor will look like this:
public
Cube(
float
width, float
height, float
depth)
And since I'm not doing this with any segments the constructor will be quite easy.
package
se.jayway
.opengl
.tutorial
.mesh
;
public
class
Cube extends
Mesh {
public
Cube(
float
width, float
height, float
depth)
{
width /= 2
;
height /= 2
;
depth /= 2
;
float
vertices[
]
= {
-width, -height, -depth, // 0
width, -height, -depth, // 1
width, height, -depth, // 2
-width, height, -depth, // 3
-width, -height, depth, // 4
width, -height, depth, // 5
width, height, depth, // 6
-width, height, depth, // 7
}
;
short
indices[
]
= {
0
, 4
, 5
,
0
, 5
, 1
,
1
, 5
, 6
,
1
, 6
, 2
,
2
, 6
, 7
,
2
, 7
, 3
,
3
, 7
, 4
,
3
, 4
, 0
,
4
, 7
, 6
,
4
, 6
, 5
,
3
, 0
, 1
,
3
, 1
, 2
, }
;
setIndices(
indices)
;
setVertices(
vertices)
;
}
}
If you like to make it with segments the constructor could look like this:
public
Cube(
float
width, float
height, float
depth,
int
widthSegments, int
heightSegments, int
depthSegments)
Since we now have a plane that replaces the Square class ( in the code from tutorial II ) I will just remove it and in OpenGLRenderer change the square to a cube...
public
OpenGLRenderer(
)
{
// Initialize our cube.
cube = new
Cube(
1
, 1
, 1
)
;
cube.rx
= 45
;
cube.ry
= 45
;
}
... and render it.
public
void
onDrawFrame(
GL10 gl)
{
...
// Draw our cube.
cube.draw
(
gl)
;
}
Group
A group is really good to have when setting up and controlling your 3D scene. What a group really do is to distribute all commands sent to the group to all it's children. You can see the implementation of a simple group here:
package
se.jayway
.opengl
.tutorial
.mesh
;
import java.util.Vector;
import javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10;
public
class
Group
extends
Mesh {
private
Vector<Mesh> children = new
Vector<Mesh>(
)
;
@Override
public
void
draw(
GL10 gl)
{
int
size = children.size
(
)
;
for
(
int
i = 0
; i < size; i++)
children.get
(
i)
.draw
(
gl)
;
}
public
void
add(
int
location, Mesh object)
{
children.add
(
location, object)
;
}
public
boolean
add(
Mesh object)
{
return
children.add
(
object)
;
}
public
void
clear(
)
{
children.clear
(
)
;
}
public
Mesh get(
int
location)
{
return
children.get
(
location)
;
}
public
Mesh remove(
int
location)
{
return
children.remove
(
location)
;
}
public
boolean
remove(
Object
object)
{
return
children.remove
(
object)
;
}
public
int
size(
)
{
return
children.size
(
)
;
}
}
Make the renderer work with a group as a root node and add your cube to it.
Group
group = new
Group
(
)
;
Cube cube = new
Cube(
1
, 1
, 1
)
;
cube.rx
= 45
;
cube.ry
= 45
;
group.add
(
cube)
;
root = group;And draw our scene:
public
void
onDrawFrame(
GL10 gl)
{
...
// Draw our scene.
root.draw
(
gl)
;
}
Suggestions
It's always a good idea to have different primitives ready to use when you starting up a new project. My experience tell me that in 9 times of 10 you won't have any meshes from the graphic people when you start coding so it's really good to have some meshes to work with as place holders. I'll give you a hint of the way to start with your own meshes library by giving you an idea of how I would do it.
Creating your own meshes is a really good way of getting to know vertices and indices really close up.
Cone
After you have gotten your cube up and ready to go my suggestion is that you move onto a cone. A cone with the right settings could be more then just a cone. if you give is 3-4 sides it will be a pyramid. If you give it the same base and top radius it becomes a cylinder. So you can see why it is so useful. Take a look at this image and see what the this cone can do.
public
Cone(
float
baseRadius, float
topRadius, float
height, int
numberOfSides)
Pyramid
public
class
Pyramid extends
Cone {
public
Pyramid(
float
baseRadius, float
height)
{
super
(
baseRadius, 0
, height, 4
)
;
}
}
Cylinder
public
class
Cylinder extends
Cone {
public
Cylinder(
float
radius, float
height)
{
super
(
radius, radius, height, 16
)
;
}
}
One more thing
Dividing up surfaces is a good thing to know about and by now you know how to divide up a regular square. To divide up a triangle look at the images below. It is a bit different and it might be a bit harder to implement.
References
The info used in this tutorial is collected from:
Android Developers
OpenGL ES 1.1 Reference Pages
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