C#设计模式之22——策略模式

策略模式由一组相关的算法组成，这些算法被封装在称为Context的驱动类中。客户端程序可以选择这些不同的算法之一，或者由Context类来自动选择最合适的算法。该模式的目的是使得这些算法之间可以互换，并提供一种最合适算法的方式。该模式与状态模式的区别是，在策略模式中，用户一般会选中几个不同策略中的一个加以使用，统一时间内只能有一个i额策略被 实例化以及活动于Context的内部。然而在状态模式中，所有可能的状态都是实例化了的，并且同时活动与状态管理器类的内部。

程序中经常遇到这样的情况，希望以多种不同的方式来完成相同的事情。

策略模式把各种策略封装在一个模块中，并提供一个简单的接口来支持在这些策略之间做选择。每个策略都应该有相同的编程接口，虽然他们不需要都是相同的类继承层次的成员，但他们必须实现相同的编程接口。

我们考虑一个简单的绘图程序，根据数据，用户可以选择绘制柱状图还是线形图。

用户界面如图：

有两个按钮，点击不同的按钮会选择不同的绘制算法。

我们有几个绘图用的基础抽象类；

using System;

namespace Strategy
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Summary description for PlotStrategy.
	/// </summary>
	public abstract class PlotStrategy
	{
		public abstract void plot( float[] x, float[] y);
	}
}

我们需要在派生类中把计算代码实现。

然后是设计我们的  Context, Context类相当于一个交通指挥者，由他来决定调用哪一种策略。在这里看来，这个交通指挥者更像简单工厂模式中的工厂，通过参数或者选择返回不同的算法类的实例。

using System;
using System.Collections ;
using CsharpPats;
namespace Strategy
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Selects which plot strategy to carry out
	/// </summary>
	public class Context 	{
		float[] x, y;
		PlotStrategy plts;	//strategy selected goes here
		//-----
		public void plot() {
			readFile();		//read in data
			plts.plot (x, y);
		}
		//-----
		//select bar plot
		public void setBarPlot() {
			plts = new BarPlotStrategy ();
		}
		//-----
		//select line plot
		public void setLinePlot() {
			plts = new LinePlotStrategy();
		}
		//-----
		public void readFile() 		{
			ArrayList xc = new ArrayList();
			ArrayList yc = new ArrayList();
                        
        //reads data in from data file
			csFile fl = new csFile("data.txt");
			fl.OpenForRead();
			string sline = fl.readLine ();
			while (sline != null) {
				int i = sline.IndexOf(" ");
				if (i > 0) {
					float tmp = Convert.ToSingle (sline.Substring (0, i));
					xc.Add(tmp);  
					tmp = Convert.ToSingle (sline.Substring(i + 1));
					yc.Add(tmp);
				}
				sline = fl.readLine();
			}
			//copy into arrays from collections
			float[] xp = new float[xc.Count];
			float[] yp = new float[yc.Count];
			for (int i = 0; i< xc.Count; i++) {
				xp[i] = (float)xc[i];
				yp[i] = (float)yc[i];
			}
			x = xp;
			y = yp;
			fl.close();			
		}
	}
}

同时在程序的按钮部分还使用了命令模式，这样每个按钮的执行代码都包含在了自定义的按钮类中。

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace Strategy
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Summary description for LineButton.
	/// </summary>
	public class LineButton : System.Windows.Forms.Button, Command
	{
		private System.ComponentModel.Container components = null;
		private Context contxt;
		public LineButton() 	{
			InitializeComponent();
			this.Text = "Line plot";
		}
		public void setContext(Context ctx) {
			contxt = ctx;
		}
		public void Execute() {
			contxt.setLinePlot();
			contxt.plot();
		}
		/// <summary> 
		/// Clean up any resources being used.
		/// </summary>
		protected override void Dispose( bool disposing )
		{
			if( disposing )
			{
				if(components != null)
				{
					components.Dispose();
				}
			}
			base.Dispose( disposing );
		}

		#region Component Designer generated code
		/// <summary> 
		/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify 
		/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
		/// </summary>
		private void InitializeComponent()
		{
			components = new System.ComponentModel.Container();
		}
		#endregion
	}
}

 

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace Strategy
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Summary description for BarButton.
	/// </summary>
	public class BarButton : System.Windows.Forms.Button , Command
	{
		/// <summary> 
		/// Required designer variable.
		/// </summary>
		private System.ComponentModel.Container components = null;
		private Context contxt;
		public BarButton()
		{
			InitializeComponent();
		}
		public void setContext(Context ctx) {
			contxt = ctx;
		}
		public void Execute() {
			contxt.setBarPlot();
            contxt.plot();
		}

		/// <summary> 
		/// Clean up any resources being used.
		/// </summary>
		protected override void Dispose( bool disposing )
		{
			if( disposing )
			{
				if(components != null)
				{
					components.Dispose();
				}
			}
			base.Dispose( disposing );
		}

		#region Component Designer generated code
		/// <summary> 
		/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify 
		/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
		/// </summary>
		private void InitializeComponent()
		{
			components = new System.ComponentModel.Container();
		}
		#endregion
	}
}

这两个按钮中通过Context的实例调用算法。

接下来就是我们的具体的策略的实现：

using System;

namespace Strategy
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Summary description for BarPlotStrategy.
	/// </summary>
	public class BarPlotStrategy :PlotStrategy
	{
		public override void plot(float[] xp, float[] yp) {
			BarPlot bplot = new BarPlot ();
			bplot.Show ();
			bplot.plot (xp, yp);
		}
	}
}

 

using System;

namespace Strategy
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Summary description for LinePlotStrategy.
	/// </summary>
	public class LinePlotStrategy : PlotStrategy 	{
		public override void plot(float[] x, float[] y) {
			LinePlot lplt = new LinePlot();
			lplt.Show ();
			lplt.plot (x, y);
		}
	}
}

这里把具体的绘制算法放在了LinePlot和BarPlot 这两个窗体中了，其中LinePlot继承了BarPlot。

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace Strategy
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Summary description for BarPlot.
	/// </summary>
	public class BarPlot : System.Windows.Forms.Form
	{
		private System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox pic;
		protected float ymin, ymax, xfactor, yfactor;
		protected float xpmin, xpmax, ypmin, ypmax, xp, yp;
		private float xmin, xmax;
		private int w, h;
		protected float[] x, y;
		private ArrayList colors;
		protected Pen bPen;
		protected bool hasData;
		protected const float max = 1.0e38f;

		private System.ComponentModel.Container components = null;

		public BarPlot()
		{
			InitializeComponent();
		}
		public void setPenColor(Color c){
			bPen = new Pen(c);
		}
		public void plot(float[] xp, float[] yp) {
			x = xp;
			y = yp;
			setPlotBounds();    //compute scaling factors
			hasData = true;
			pic.Refresh();
		}
		public void findBounds() {
			xmin = max;
			xmax = -max;
			ymin = max;
			ymax = -max;

			for (int i = 0; i<  x.Length ; i++) {
				if (x[i] > xmax) xmax = x[i];
				if (x[i] < xmin) xmin = x[i];
				if (y[i] > ymax) ymax = y[i];
				if (y[i] < ymin) ymin = y[i];
			}
		}
		public virtual void setPlotBounds() {
			  findBounds();
			//compute scaling factors
			h = pic.Height;
			w = pic.Width;
			xfactor = 0.8F * w / (xmax - xmin);
			xpmin = 0.05F * w;
			xpmax = w - xpmin;

			yfactor = 0.9F * h / (ymax - ymin);
			ypmin = 0.05F * h;
			ypmax = h - ypmin;	
			//create array of colors for bars
			colors = new ArrayList();
			colors.Add(new SolidBrush(Color.Red));
			colors.Add(new SolidBrush(Color.Green));
			colors.Add(new SolidBrush(Color.Blue));
			colors.Add(new SolidBrush(Color.Magenta));
			colors.Add(new SolidBrush(Color.Yellow));
		}
		//-----
		public int calcx(float xp) {
			int ix = (int)((xp - xmin) * xfactor + xpmin);
			return ix;
		}
		//-----
		public int calcy(float yp) {
			yp = ((yp - ymin) * yfactor);
			int iy = h - (int)(ypmax - yp);
			return iy;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Clean up any resources being used.
		/// </summary>
		protected override void Dispose( bool disposing )
		{
			if( disposing )
			{
				if(components != null)
				{
					components.Dispose();
				}
			}
			base.Dispose( disposing );
		}

		#region Windows Form Designer generated code
		/// <summary>
		/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
		/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
		/// </summary>
		private void InitializeComponent()
		{
			this.pic = new System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox();
			this.SuspendLayout();
			// 
			// pic
			// 
			this.pic.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ActiveCaptionText;
			this.pic.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.Fixed3D;
			this.pic.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(24, 24);
			this.pic.Name = "pic";
			this.pic.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(248, 208);
			this.pic.TabIndex = 0;
			this.pic.TabStop = false;
			this.pic.Paint += new System.Windows.Forms.PaintEventHandler(this.pic_Paint);
			// 
			// BarPlot
			// 
			this.AutoScaleBaseSize = new System.Drawing.Size(5, 13);
			this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(292, 273);
			this.Controls.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.Control[] {
																		  this.pic});
			this.Name = "BarPlot";
			this.Text = "BarPlot";
			this.ResumeLayout(false);

		}
		#endregion

		protected virtual void pic_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e) {
			Graphics g = e.Graphics;
			if (hasData) {
            for (int i = 0; i< x.Length; i++){
                int ix = calcx(x[i]);
                int iy = calcy(y[i]);
                Brush br = (Brush)colors[i];
				g.FillRectangle(br, ix, h - iy, 20, iy);
			}
		}
		}
	}
}

 

using System;
using System.Drawing ;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Strategy {
	/// <summary>
	/// Summary description for LinePlot.
	/// </summary>
	public class LinePlot :BarPlot {
		public LinePlot() {
			init();
		}
		protected void init() {
			bPen = new Pen(Color.White);
			this.Text = "Line Plot";
            
		}
		protected override void pic_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e) {
		
			Graphics g= e.Graphics;
			if (hasData) {
				for (int i = 1; i< x.Length; i++) {
					int ix = calcx(x[i - 1]);
					int iy = calcy(y[i - 1]);
					int ix1 = calcx(x[i]);
					int iy1 = calcy(y[i]);
					g.DrawLine(bPen, ix, iy, ix1, iy1);
				}
			}
		}

        private void InitializeComponent()
        {
            this.SuspendLayout();
            // 
            // LinePlot
            // 
            this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(292, 273);
            this.Name = "LinePlot";
            this.ResumeLayout(false);

        }

        //private void pic_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        //{

        //}

        //private void pic_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        //{

        //}
	}
}

策略模式允许动态的选择一个算法之一，因为这些算法可以是相关的，位于某个继承层次结构中，也可以是无关的，只要他们实现一个共同的几口就可以了。