从Android源码角度对Handler,MessageQueue,Looper之间消息传递工作原理的理解


先总结一下Handler,MessageQueue,Looper之间消息传递的工作原理和相关异常信息,后面进行源码分析。

1 主线程中创建唯一的一个Looper,在Looper对象中,创建MessageQueue对象

    首先Android程序启动时会开启主线程Main Thread(主线程通常被叫做UI线程);
    在Main Thread中会创建Looper对象;
    为了保证每个线程中只能有一个Looper,所以在Looper.prepare()方法中,会判断当前线程是否已经存在Looper对象,如果存在,则会抛出"Only one Looper may be created per thread",否则就创建Looper,这样就保证了每个线程中只能有一个Looper;
    在Looper对象中,又会创建MessageQueue;
    这样,和Main Thread相关联的Looper和MessageQueue就创建好了。

2 Handler 和 Looper与MessageQueue相关联(都是在主线程中)

  当我们在Main Thread中创建Handler时,会去拿到已经创建好的Looper,当然也拿到looper的MessageQueue;

   如果为Null,则证明是在非UI线程中,会抛出java.lang.RuntimeException: Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()异常;

   这样Handler,Message,Looper三者就相关联了。 

3 Handler,MessageQueue,Looper三者功能区分

   Handler发送的消息会发送到MessageQueue中;

   Looper.loop方法不断读取MessageQueue中的消息,并将消息分发给对应的Handler,handler再处理消息;

   MessageQueue为消息队,由Looper管理;

4 子线程中创建Handler

   如果在子线程中创建Handler的时候,在构造Handler的时候,会拿到和当前线程相关联的Looper对象,但是当前的子线程中并没有Looper对象,所以会抛出“java.lang.RuntimeException: Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()”异常。

5 在非UI线程更新UI

   在非UI线程更新UI时,会调用checkThread方法,判断当前线程是否是UI线程,如果不是,则会抛出“Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.”即非UI线程不能更新UI。


下面从源码的角度分析:


6.1 UI线程创建相互关联的Looper和MessageQueue,并且保证每个线程中只存在一个Looper对象。

ActivityThread的Main()方法

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();

        // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy.  We
        // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
        // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
        CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);

        Environment.initForCurrentUser();

        // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
        EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());

        Security.addProvider(new AndroidKeyStoreProvider());

        Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");

        Looper.prepareMainLooper();

        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false);

        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
            sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
        }

        AsyncTask.init();

        if (false) {
            Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                    LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
        }

        Looper.loop();

        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    

   其中 Looper.prepareMainLooper()就是创建Looper对象。在prepareMainLooper()中,又会调用 prepare()方法:

  public static void prepare() {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper());
    }


     prepare()方法保证每个一个线程只能有一个Looper对象。
    sThreadLocal即为主线程,初始化的时候 sThreadLocal.get()为空,创建一个Looper()对象。

 private Looper() {
     mQueue = new MessageQueue();
     mRun = true;
     mThread = Thread.currentThread();
 }

   可以看到,在初始化Looper对象的时候,创建了一个与之关联的MessageQueue()。

   这时候,UI线程已经创建了相互关联的Looper和MessageQueue,并且保证每个线程中只存在一个Looper对象。

6.2 Handler 和 Looper与MessageQueue相关联

Handler源码:

 public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }

        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

   当在主线程中创建Handler时,Handler构造函数中会调用Looper.myLooper():

 public static Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

   sThreadLocal即为当前的主线程,通过sThreadLocal.get()拿到当前线程创建的Looper对象。这时候Handler就和Looper相关联了。

6.3 Handler , Looper,MessageQueue之间的整个消息传递机制

   当Handler.sendMessage()时, msg.target = this将消息发送的对象指定为当前的Handler。

   如果是在子线程中创建Handler,那么sThreadLocal.get()为空,则会抛出"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()"这条刚开始接触Handler时常见的异常了。

   所以:如果要在子线程中创建并使用Handler,则在创建Handler之前,必须调用Looper. prepare()创建一个Looper对象,再调用Looper. loop(),使用死循环不断取出MessageQueue中的消息。

 public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycle();
        }
    }

   可以看到, msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)将取出的消息分发出去, target即为Handler本身。

 public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

   在dispatchMessage()中,则回调了我们熟悉的 handleMessage(msg)方法。

   这样,就完成了从Handler发送消息到Looper的MessageQueue中,通过Looper.loop()不断循环,把消息取出来再分发给Handler自己,通过 回调handleMessage(msg),处理不同消息的整个消息传递机制。

6.4 为什么不能在非UI线程更新UI

   改UI时,会调用checkThread()方法,判断当前线程是否为UI线程,如果不是,则会抛出“Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.”即非UI线程不能更新UI。

   void checkThread() {
        if (mThread != Thread.currentThread()) {
            throw new CalledFromWrongThreadException(
                    "Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.");
        }
    }

6.5 移除消息队列里面的消息

 public final void removeCallbacksAndMessages( Object token)

使用场景: 销毁Activity时,移除队列中的消息,防止Activity对象不能释放。









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