注：写了一系列的结构体的分析的文章，在这里列一个列表：
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVFrame
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVFormatContext
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVCodecContext
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVIOContext
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVCodec
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVStream
FFMPEG结构体分析：AVPacket
FFMPEG有几个最重要的结构体，包含了解协议，解封装，解码操作，此前已经进行过分析：
在此不再详述，其中AVFrame是包含码流参数较多的结构体。本文将会详细分析一下该结构体里主要变量的含义和作用。
首先看一下结构体的定义（位于avcodec.h）：
- /*
- *雷霄骅
- *leixiaohua1020@126.com
- *中国传媒大学/数字电视技术
- */
- /**
- * Audio Video Frame.
- * New fields can be added to the end of AVFRAME with minor version
- * bumps. Similarly fields that are marked as to be only accessed by
- * av_opt_ptr() can be reordered. This allows 2 forks to add fields
- * without breaking compatibility with each other.
- * Removal, reordering and changes in the remaining cases require
- * a major version bump.
- * sizeof(AVFrame) must not be used outside libavcodec.
- */
- typedef struct AVFrame {
- #define AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS 8
- /**图像数据
- * pointer to the picture/channel planes.
- * This might be different from the first allocated byte
- * - encoding: Set by user
- * - decoding: set by AVCodecContext.get_buffer()
- */
- uint8_t *data[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
- /**
- * Size, in bytes, of the data for each picture/channel plane.
- *
- * For audio, only linesize[0] may be set. For planar audio, each channel
- * plane must be the same size.
- *
- * - encoding: Set by user
- * - decoding: set by AVCodecContext.get_buffer()
- */
- int linesize[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
- /**
- * pointers to the data planes/channels.
- *
- * For video, this should simply point to data[].
- *
- * For planar audio, each channel has a separate data pointer, and
- * linesize[0] contains the size of each channel buffer.
- * For packed audio, there is just one data pointer, and linesize[0]
- * contains the total size of the buffer for all channels.
- *
- * Note: Both data and extended_data will always be set by get_buffer(),
- * but for planar audio with more channels that can fit in data,
- * extended_data must be used by the decoder in order to access all
- * channels.
- *
- * encoding: unused
- * decoding: set by AVCodecContext.get_buffer()
- */
- uint8_t **extended_data;
- /**宽高
- * width and height of the video frame
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Read by user.
- */
- int width, height;
- /**
- * number of audio samples (per channel) described by this frame
- * - encoding: Set by user
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec
- */
- int nb_samples;
- /**
- * format of the frame, -1 if unknown or unset
- * Values correspond to enum AVPixelFormat for video frames,
- * enum AVSampleFormat for audio)
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Read by user.
- */
- int format;
- /**是否是关键帧
- * 1 -> keyframe, 0-> not
- * - encoding: Set by libavcodec.
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- int key_frame;
- /**帧类型（I,B,P）
- * Picture type of the frame, see ?_TYPE below.
- * - encoding: Set by libavcodec. for coded_picture (and set by user for input).
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- enum AVPictureType pict_type;
- /**
- * pointer to the first allocated byte of the picture. Can be used in get_buffer/release_buffer.
- * This isn't used by libavcodec unless the default get/release_buffer() is used.
- * - encoding:
- * - decoding:
- */
- uint8_t *base[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
- /**
- * sample aspect ratio for the video frame, 0/1 if unknown/unspecified
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Read by user.
- */
- AVRational sample_aspect_ratio;
- /**
- * presentation timestamp in time_base units (time when frame should be shown to user)
- * If AV_NOPTS_VALUE then frame_rate = 1/time_base will be assumed.
- * - encoding: MUST be set by user.
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- int64_t pts;
- /**
- * reordered pts from the last AVPacket that has been input into the decoder
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Read by user.
- */
- int64_t pkt_pts;
- /**
- * dts from the last AVPacket that has been input into the decoder
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Read by user.
- */
- int64_t pkt_dts;
- /**
- * picture number in bitstream order
- * - encoding: set by
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- int coded_picture_number;
- /**
- * picture number in display order
- * - encoding: set by
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- int display_picture_number;
- /**
- * quality (between 1 (good) and FF_LAMBDA_MAX (bad))
- * - encoding: Set by libavcodec. for coded_picture (and set by user for input).
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- int quality;
- /**
- * is this picture used as reference
- * The values for this are the same as the MpegEncContext.picture_structure
- * variable, that is 1->top field, 2->bottom field, 3->frame/both fields.
- * Set to 4 for delayed, non-reference frames.
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec. (before get_buffer() call)).
- */
- int reference;
- /**QP表
- * QP table
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- int8_t *qscale_table;
- /**
- * QP store stride
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- int qstride;
- /**
- *
- */
- int qscale_type;
- /**跳过宏块表
- * mbskip_table[mb]>=1 if MB didn't change
- * stride= mb_width = (width+15)>>4
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- uint8_t *mbskip_table;
- /**运动矢量表
- * motion vector table
- * @code
- * example:
- * int mv_sample_log2= 4 - motion_subsample_log2;
- * int mb_width= (width+15)>>4;
- * int mv_stride= (mb_width << mv_sample_log2) + 1;
- * motion_val[direction][x + y*mv_stride][0->mv_x, 1->mv_y];
- * @endcode
- * - encoding: Set by user.
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- int16_t (*motion_val[2])[2];
- /**宏块类型表
- * macroblock type table
- * mb_type_base + mb_width + 2
- * - encoding: Set by user.
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- uint32_t *mb_type;
- /**DCT系数
- * DCT coefficients
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- short *dct_coeff;
- /**参考帧列表
- * motion reference frame index
- * the order in which these are stored can depend on the codec.
- * - encoding: Set by user.
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- int8_t *ref_index[2];
- /**
- * for some private data of the user
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Set by user.
- */
- void *opaque;
- /**
- * error
- * - encoding: Set by libavcodec. if flags&CODEC_FLAG_PSNR.
- * - decoding: unused
- */
- uint64_t error[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
- /**
- * type of the buffer (to keep track of who has to deallocate data[*])
- * - encoding: Set by the one who allocates it.
- * - decoding: Set by the one who allocates it.
- * Note: User allocated (direct rendering) & internal buffers cannot coexist currently.
- */
- int type;
- /**
- * When decoding, this signals how much the picture must be delayed.
- * extra_delay = repeat_pict / (2*fps)
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- int repeat_pict;
- /**
- * The content of the picture is interlaced.
- * - encoding: Set by user.
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec. (default 0)
- */
- int interlaced_frame;
- /**
- * If the content is interlaced, is top field displayed first.
- * - encoding: Set by user.
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- int top_field_first;
- /**
- * Tell user application that palette has changed from previous frame.
- * - encoding: ??? (no palette-enabled encoder yet)
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec. (default 0).
- */
- int palette_has_changed;
- /**
- * codec suggestion on buffer type if != 0
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec. (before get_buffer() call)).
- */
- int buffer_hints;
- /**
- * Pan scan.
- * - encoding: Set by user.
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- AVPanScan *pan_scan;
- /**
- * reordered opaque 64bit (generally an integer or a double precision float
- * PTS but can be anything).
- * The user sets AVCodecContext.reordered_opaque to represent the input at
- * that time,
- * the decoder reorders values as needed and sets AVFrame.reordered_opaque
- * to exactly one of the values provided by the user through AVCodecContext.reordered_opaque
- * @deprecated in favor of pkt_pts
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Read by user.
- */
- int64_t reordered_opaque;
- /**
- * hardware accelerator private data (FFmpeg-allocated)
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec
- */
- void *hwaccel_picture_private;
- /**
- * the AVCodecContext which ff_thread_get_buffer() was last called on
- * - encoding: Set by libavcodec.
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- struct AVCodecContext *owner;
- /**
- * used by multithreading to store frame-specific info
- * - encoding: Set by libavcodec.
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- void *thread_opaque;
- /**
- * log2 of the size of the block which a single vector in motion_val represents:
- * (4->16x16, 3->8x8, 2-> 4x4, 1-> 2x2)
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- uint8_t motion_subsample_log2;
- /**（音频）采样率
- * Sample rate of the audio data.
- *
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: read by user
- */
- int sample_rate;
- /**
- * Channel layout of the audio data.
- *
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: read by user.
- */
- uint64_t channel_layout;
- /**
- * frame timestamp estimated using various heuristics, in stream time base
- * Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
- * av_frame_get_best_effort_timestamp(frame)
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: set by libavcodec, read by user.
- */
- int64_t best_effort_timestamp;
- /**
- * reordered pos from the last AVPacket that has been input into the decoder
- * Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
- * av_frame_get_pkt_pos(frame)
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Read by user.
- */
- int64_t pkt_pos;
- /**
- * duration of the corresponding packet, expressed in
- * AVStream->time_base units, 0 if unknown.
- * Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
- * av_frame_get_pkt_duration(frame)
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Read by user.
- */
- int64_t pkt_duration;
- /**
- * metadata.
- * Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
- * av_frame_get_metadata(frame)
- * - encoding: Set by user.
- * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
- */
- AVDictionary *metadata;
- /**
- * decode error flags of the frame, set to a combination of
- * FF_DECODE_ERROR_xxx flags if the decoder produced a frame, but there
- * were errors during the decoding.
- * Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
- * av_frame_get_decode_error_flags(frame)
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: set by libavcodec, read by user.
- */
- int decode_error_flags;
- #define FF_DECODE_ERROR_INVALID_BITSTREAM 1
- #define FF_DECODE_ERROR_MISSING_REFERENCE 2
- /**
- * number of audio channels, only used for audio.
- * Code outside libavcodec should access this field using:
- * av_frame_get_channels(frame)
- * - encoding: unused
- * - decoding: Read by user.
- */
- int64_t channels;
- } AVFrame;
AVFrame结构体一般用于存储原始数据（即非压缩数据，例如对视频来说是YUV，RGB，对音频来说是PCM），此外还包含了一些相关的信息。比如说，解码的时候存储了宏块类型表，QP表，运动矢量表等数据。编码的时候也存储了相关的数据。因此在使用FFMPEG进行码流分析的时候，AVFrame是一个很重要的结构体。
下面看几个主要变量的作用（在这里考虑解码的情况）：
uint8_t *data[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS]：解码后原始数据（对视频来说是YUV，RGB，对音频来说是PCM）
int linesize[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS]：data的大小
int width, height：视频帧宽和高（1920x1080,1280x720...）
int nb_samples：音频的一个AVFrame中可能包含多个音频帧，在此标记包含了几个
int format：解码后原始数据类型（YUV420，YUV422，RGB24...）
int key_frame：是否是关键帧
enum AVPictureType pict_type：帧类型（I,B,P...）
AVRational sample_aspect_ratio：宽高比（16:9，4:3...）
int64_t pts：显示时间戳
int coded_picture_number：编码帧序号
int display_picture_number：显示帧序号
int8_t *qscale_table：QP表
uint8_t *mbskip_table：跳过宏块表
int16_t (*motion_val[2])[2]：运动矢量表
uint32_t *mb_type：宏块类型表
short *dct_coeff：DCT系数，这个没有提取过
int8_t *ref_index[2]：运动估计参考帧列表（貌似H.264这种比较新的标准才会涉及到多参考帧）
int interlaced_frame：是否是隔行扫描
uint8_t motion_subsample_log2：一个宏块中的运动矢量采样个数，取log的
其他的变量不再一一列举，源代码中都有详细的说明。在这里重点分析一下几个需要一定的理解的变量：
1.data[]
对于packed格式的数据（例如RGB24），会存到data[0]里面。
对于planar格式的数据（例如YUV420P），则会分开成data[0]，data[1]，data[2]...（YUV420P中data[0]存Y，data[1]存U，data[2]存V）
具体参见：FFMPEG 实现 YUV，RGB各种图像原始数据之间的转换（swscale）
2.pict_type
包含以下类型：
- enum AVPictureType {
- AV_PICTURE_TYPE_NONE = 0, ///< Undefined
- AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I, ///< Intra
- AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P, ///< Predicted
- AV_PICTURE_TYPE_B, ///< Bi-dir predicted
- AV_PICTURE_TYPE_S, ///< S(GMC)-VOP MPEG4
- AV_PICTURE_TYPE_SI, ///< Switching Intra
- AV_PICTURE_TYPE_SP, ///< Switching Predicted
- AV_PICTURE_TYPE_BI, ///< BI type
- };
宽高比是一个分数，FFMPEG中用AVRational表达分数：
- /**
- * rational number numerator/denominator
- */
- typedef struct AVRational{
- int num; ///< numerator
- int den; ///< denominator
- } AVRational;
4.qscale_table
QP表指向一块内存，里面存储的是每个宏块的QP值。宏块的标号是从左往右，一行一行的来的。每个宏块对应1个QP。
qscale_table[0]就是第1行第1列宏块的QP值；qscale_table[1]就是第1行第2列宏块的QP值；qscale_table[2]就是第1行第3列宏块的QP值。以此类推...
宏块的个数用下式计算：
注：宏块大小是16x16的。
每行宏块数：
- int mb_stride = pCodecCtx->width/16+1
宏块的总数：
- int mb_sum = ((pCodecCtx->height+15)>>4)*(pCodecCtx->width/16+1)
5.motion_subsample_log2
1个运动矢量所能代表的画面大小（用宽或者高表示，单位是像素），注意，这里取了log2。
代码注释中给出以下数据：
4->16x16, 3->8x8, 2-> 4x4, 1-> 2x2
即1个运动矢量代表16x16的画面的时候，该值取4；1个运动矢量代表8x8的画面的时候，该值取3...以此类推
6.motion_val
运动矢量表存储了一帧视频中的所有运动矢量。
该值的存储方式比较特别：
- int16_t (*motion_val[2])[2];
注释中给了一段代码：
- int mv_sample_log2= 4 - motion_subsample_log2;
- int mb_width= (width+15)>>4;
- int mv_stride= (mb_width << mv_sample_log2) + 1;
- motion_val[direction][x + y*mv_stride][0->mv_x, 1->mv_y];
大概知道了该数据的结构：
1.首先分为两个列表L0和L1
2.每个列表（L0或L1）存储了一系列的MV（每个MV对应一个画面，大小由motion_subsample_log2决定）
3.每个MV分为横坐标和纵坐标（x,y）
注意，在FFMPEG中MV和MB在存储的结构上是没有什么关联的，第1个MV是屏幕上左上角画面的MV（画面的大小取决于motion_subsample_log2），第2个MV是屏幕上第1行第2列的画面的MV，以此类推。因此在一个宏块（16x16）的运动矢量很有可能如下图所示（line代表一行运动矢量的个数）：
- //例如8x8划分的运动矢量与宏块的关系：
- //-------------------------
- //| | |
- //|mv[x] |mv[x+1] |
- //-------------------------
- //| | |
- //|mv[x+line]|mv[x+line+1]|
- //-------------------------
7.mb_type
宏块类型表存储了一帧视频中的所有宏块的类型。其存储方式和QP表差不多。只不过其是uint32类型的，而QP表是uint8类型的。每个宏块对应一个宏块类型变量。
宏块类型如下定义所示：
- //The following defines may change, don't expect compatibility if you use them.
- #define MB_TYPE_INTRA4x4 0x0001
- #define MB_TYPE_INTRA16x16 0x0002 //FIXME H.264-specific
- #define MB_TYPE_INTRA_PCM 0x0004 //FIXME H.264-specific
- #define MB_TYPE_16x16 0x0008
- #define MB_TYPE_16x8 0x0010
- #define MB_TYPE_8x16 0x0020
- #define MB_TYPE_8x8 0x0040
- #define MB_TYPE_INTERLACED 0x0080
- #define MB_TYPE_DIRECT2 0x0100 //FIXME
- #define MB_TYPE_ACPRED 0x0200
- #define MB_TYPE_GMC 0x0400
- #define MB_TYPE_SKIP 0x0800
- #define MB_TYPE_P0L0 0x1000
- #define MB_TYPE_P1L0 0x2000
- #define MB_TYPE_P0L1 0x4000
- #define MB_TYPE_P1L1 0x8000
- #define MB_TYPE_L0 (MB_TYPE_P0L0 | MB_TYPE_P1L0)
- #define MB_TYPE_L1 (MB_TYPE_P0L1 | MB_TYPE_P1L1)
- #define MB_TYPE_L0L1 (MB_TYPE_L0 | MB_TYPE_L1)
- #define MB_TYPE_QUANT 0x00010000
- #define MB_TYPE_CBP 0x00020000
- //Note bits 24-31 are reserved for codec specific use (h264 ref0, mpeg1 0mv, ...)
注：一个宏块可以包含好几种类型，但是有些类型是不能重复包含的，比如说一个宏块不可能既是16x16又是8x8。
8.ref_index
运动估计参考帧列表存储了一帧视频中所有宏块的参考帧索引。这个列表其实在比较早的压缩编码标准中是没有什么用的。只有像H.264这样的编码标准才有多参考帧的概念。但是这个字段目前我还没有研究透。只是知道每个宏块包含有4个该值，该值反映的是参考帧的索引。以后有机会再进行细研究吧。
在这里展示一下自己做的码流分析软件的运行结果。将上文介绍的几个列表图像化显示了出来（在这里是使用MFC的绘图函数画出来的）
视频帧：
QP参数提取的结果：
美化过的（加上了颜色）：
宏块类型参数提取的结果：
美化过的（加上了颜色，更清晰一些，s代表skip宏块）：
运动矢量参数提取的结果（在这里是List0）：
运动估计参考帧参数提取的结果：
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