Java非对称加密算法--RSA

非对称加密的特点是有两把钥匙，公钥和私钥。公钥加密只能私钥解密；私钥加密只能公钥解密。

在公开密钥密码体制中，加密密钥（即公开密钥）PK是公开信息，而解密密钥（即秘密密钥）SK是需要保密的。加密算法E和解密算法D也都是公开的。虽然解密密钥SK是由公开密钥PK决定的，但却不能根据PK计算出SK。

RSA公钥加密算法是1977年由罗纳德·李维斯特（Ron Rivest）、阿迪·萨莫尔（Adi Shamir）和伦纳德·阿德曼（Leonard Adleman）一起提出的。1987年首次公布，当时他们三人都在麻省理工学院工作。RSA就是他们三人姓氏开头字母拼在一起组成的。

这种加密算法的特点主要是密钥的变化。DES只有一个密钥，相当于只有一把钥匙，如果这把钥匙丢了，数据也就不安全了。RSA同时有两把钥匙，公钥与私钥。同时支持数字签名。数字签名的意义在于，对传输过来的数据进行校验，确保数据在传输过程中不被修改。

Java示例

package com.zzj.encryption;

import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;

import javax.crypto.Cipher;

import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;

public class RSATest {
	static final String ALGORITHM_RSA = "RSA";
	static final String ALGORITHM_SIGN = "MD5withRSA";
	static String publicKey = null;
	static String privateKey = null;
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		// 生成公钥和私钥
		generatorKeyPair();
		String source = "我是程序猿！";
        System.out.println("加密前的数据：\r\n" + source);
        System.out.println("--------------------------公钥加密，私钥解密------------------------------");
        // 公钥加密
		String target = encryptionByPublicKey(source);
        // 私钥解密
		decryptionByPrivateKey(target);
		
		System.out.println("--------------------------私钥加密并且签名，公钥验证签名并且解密------------------------------");
		// 私钥加密
		target = encryptionByPrivateKey(source);
		// 签名
		String sign = signByPrivateKey(target);
		// 验证签名
		verifyByPublicKey(target, sign);
		// 公钥解密
		decryptionByPublicKey(target);
		
	}
	
	/**
	 * 生成密钥对
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	static void generatorKeyPair() throws Exception {
		KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(ALGORITHM_RSA);
        keyPairGen.initialize(1024);
        KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();
        RSAPublicKey rsaPublicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
        byte[] keyBs = rsaPublicKey.getEncoded();
        publicKey = encodeBase64(keyBs);
        System.out.println("生成的公钥：\r\n" + publicKey);
        RSAPrivateKey rsaPrivateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
        keyBs = rsaPrivateKey.getEncoded();
        privateKey = encodeBase64(keyBs);
        System.out.println("生成的私钥：\r\n" + privateKey);
	}
	
	/**
	 * 获取公钥
	 * @return
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	static PublicKey getPublicKey() throws Exception {
		X509EncodedKeySpec publicKeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(decodeBase64(publicKey));
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM_RSA);
        return keyFactory.generatePublic(publicKeySpec);
	}
	
	/**
	 * 获取私钥
	 * @return
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	static PrivateKey getPrivateKey() throws Exception {
		PKCS8EncodedKeySpec privateKeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(decodeBase64(privateKey));
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM_RSA);
        return keyFactory.generatePrivate(privateKeySpec);
	}
	
	/**
	 * 公钥加密
	 * @param data
	 * @return
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	static String encryptionByPublicKey(String source) throws Exception{
		PublicKey publicKey = getPublicKey();
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(publicKey.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
        cipher.update(source.getBytes("UTF-8"));
        String target = encodeBase64(cipher.doFinal());
        System.out.println("公钥加密后的数据：\r\n" + target);
		return target;
	}

	/**
	 * 公钥解密
	 * @param target
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	static void decryptionByPublicKey(String target) throws Exception{
		PublicKey publicKey = getPublicKey();
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(publicKey.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
        cipher.update(decodeBase64(target));
        String source = new String(cipher.doFinal(), "UTF-8");
        System.out.println("公钥解密后的数据：\r\n" + source);
	}
	
	/**
	 * 公钥验证签名
	 * @return
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	static void verifyByPublicKey(String target, String sign) throws Exception{
		PublicKey publicKey = getPublicKey();
		Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(ALGORITHM_SIGN);
		signature.initVerify(publicKey);
		signature.update(target.getBytes("UTF-8"));
		if (signature.verify(decodeBase64(sign))) {
			System.out.println("签名正确！");
		} else {
			System.out.println("签名错误！");
		}
	}
	
	/**
	 * 私钥加密
	 * @param data
	 * @return
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	static String encryptionByPrivateKey(String source) throws Exception {
		PrivateKey privateKey = getPrivateKey();
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(privateKey.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
        cipher.update(source.getBytes("UTF-8"));
        String target = encodeBase64(cipher.doFinal());
        System.out.println("私钥加密后的数据：\r\n" + target);
        return target;
	}

	/**
	 * 私钥解密
	 * @param target
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	static void decryptionByPrivateKey(String target) throws Exception {
		PrivateKey privateKey = getPrivateKey();
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(privateKey.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
        cipher.update(decodeBase64(target));
        String source = new String(cipher.doFinal(), "UTF-8");
        System.out.println("私钥解密后的数据：\r\n" + source);
	}
	
	/**
	 * 私钥签名
	 * @param target
	 * @return
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	static String signByPrivateKey(String target) throws Exception{
		PrivateKey privateKey = getPrivateKey();
		Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(ALGORITHM_SIGN);
		signature.initSign(privateKey);
		signature.update(target.getBytes("UTF-8"));
		String sign = encodeBase64(signature.sign());
		System.out.println("生成的签名：\r\n" + sign);
		return sign;
	}
	
	/**
	 * base64编码
	 * @param source
	 * @return
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	static String encodeBase64(byte[] source) throws Exception{
		return new String(Base64.encodeBase64(source), "UTF-8");
	}
	
	/**
	 * Base64解码
	 * @param target
	 * @return
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	static byte[] decodeBase64(String target) throws Exception{
		return Base64.decodeBase64(target.getBytes("UTF-8"));
	}
}

结果：

生成的公钥：
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCcQiaArjqiJeDPT8RCmkwrKi1Bh4Y16wH49u1jmX3RQdf0B2tRD42bItY1oqZtqj/2xqDdXLSOWOr3aldwr6ucofMPEUm2l4sJnTrM96IVNOl8jIqw2d8m7P/PhyOfTgvtOemm725y4TJm3F0q0c1WfjO55orNUTolAmoOW57SQQIDAQAB
生成的私钥：
MIICdQIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAl8wggJbAgEAAoGBAJxCJoCuOqIl4M9PxEKaTCsqLUGHhjXrAfj27WOZfdFB1/QHa1EPjZsi1jWipm2qP/bGoN1ctI5Y6vdqV3Cvq5yh8w8RSbaXiwmdOsz3ohU06XyMirDZ3ybs/8+HI59OC+056abvbnLhMmbcXSrRzVZ+M7nmis1ROiUCag5bntJBAgMBAAECgYAz7pRHTiB0hWw62kLa89b+vYy+66DCSLGmIcLxyDCVnHF+S/zxut6QQbq5pq3zYpLRnGAYUdg8OvcUdYZMEEZTR4p5TMG7N758kyKMYcJaNKFY9q0xMNtsHK5r8qoLvrb5241w7i9JVgmz0wBjHLBR8AYbaetdA9AcKxPkD7i/ZQJBAPWTp6P3/WPVtaIADzBgKHOA+fZKrESweUpGeY5ay2SoSw/3KMPnros2WXV4Kgjhc4DxnslsbCw1x95xjlwprOsCQQCi4/7dzG3JbRaQD5OvmeMtPSUctOsc1RszA4QCO/h9r0V4es18ch81hXZo8urvOHbXsablbA7nfJnYLC2KdIKDAkAriMt1M+dFpYMXfu8yYjmJkFm/oak8XBSEaE3wQIRCCduUrvoZEJ9OqondWzoIbP8u4qaFiqT6iWYvNu5HxFOVAkBetD4fCFcgUBtZIKVV6Bur1qv4F7vGZKROsZGTlvhvYnL6jDNiUhuRC4p/lBRBh0uZNkF5i6zSq5/qjizgHcMvAkAtqC7qrt9wppcBtActXK23mrIBoCjCWP8zTLOYjuQsusfwaKl69gjUKv29Rd36LsrQW/5XvCSlYXonN1YJcqL5
加密前的数据：
我是程序猿！
--------------------------公钥加密，私钥解密------------------------------
公钥加密后的数据：
TJZlueYjat5gFTWtGXzafN2TNAsG4D6HiSOjX9h/mm/WMtaUWOXVvySD5iHBhQmEL+Hqa6TG8sSm6aVESQFqhKgHuni4GhD/ctC5vCD6aL0K9oLlpo4oV5RZJIQfIfYB28ZJW59fE6E4GYMxyQca/hulK/jaZJFmU5esxvkZaSg=
私钥解密后的数据：
我是程序猿！
--------------------------私钥加密并且签名，公钥验证签名并且解密------------------------------
私钥加密后的数据：
iAu34RZPt0LH4+5EyATXYDIJ5dCcTHpapXjsO2riRiEBdh1lhMNmOmTbAGhBUC7FyneHhQY3nwOWwS99w7e06y95YegRrotvoN3ss6xo8G3/cX1eTdzaXTadOkJR++Npj8SsodAZ675gHcUkTENkRmcBA4wuozUCzCJc7Pg3AMk=
生成的签名：
SzUGGICDv1JOen09qeYSH+UHB2B2XBCI4zPkDo8JVkRr3YVKSj465nmQWNxoXqAZFcUyxjlWVAbEfE+KnrGP56lv01vwL84J2j5v5hhmwShclgbMDUi6OQt+4ACXBn1Er8zF/DJfK6USP2jJPaUL4U1vZUzEOE2AXOChcpYMHDw=
签名正确！
公钥解密后的数据：
我是程序猿！

需要注意的是，不能公钥签名私钥验证，那样的话谁都可以对数据签名，无法防止伪造数据。