javaweb--web(1)

web服务器作用：封装HTTP协议操作，简化开发；可以将web项目部署到服务器中，对外提供网上浏览服务。

一：HTTP

1.概述

（1）概念

HyperText Transfer Protocol，超文本传输协议，规定了浏览器和服务器之间数据传输的规则。

（2）HTTP协议特点：

1>基于TCP协议：面向连接，安全

2>基于请求—相应模型的：一次请求对应一次相应。 

3>HTTP协议是无状态的协议：对于事物处理没有记忆能力。每次请求—相应都是独立的。

   **缺点：多次请求间不能共享数据。java中使用会话技术（Cookie,Session）来解决这个问题

   **优点：速度快

2.请求数据格式

3.响应数据格式

（1）基本格式

（2）响应状态码

二：Web服务器：Tomcat

1.简介

2.基本使用

(1)下载，安装，启动，关闭

（2）配置

（3）项目部署

3.IDEA中创建Maven Web项目

（1）web项目结构

（2）创建Maven Web项目

4.IDEA中使用Tomcat

三：Servlet

1.快速入门

2.执行流程

3.生命周期

4.方法介绍

5.体系结构

6.urlPattern配置

7.XML配置方式编写Servlet

四：Request

Request：获取请求数据

Response：设置响应数据

1.Request继承体系

2.Request获取请求数据

（1）获取请求数据

/**
 * request 获取请求数据
 */
@WebServlet("/req1")
public class RequestDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //获取请求行
        // String getMethod()：获取请求方式： GET
        String method = req.getMethod();
        System.out.println(method);//GET
        // String getContextPath()：获取虚拟目录(项目访问路径)：/request-demo
        String contextPath = req.getContextPath();
        System.out.println(contextPath);
        // StringBuffer getRequestURL(): 获取URL(统一资源定位符)：http://localhost:8080/request-demo/req1
        StringBuffer url = req.getRequestURL();
        System.out.println(url.toString());
        // String getRequestURI()：获取URI(统一资源标识符)： /request-demo/req1
        String uri = req.getRequestURI();
        System.out.println(uri);
        // String getQueryString()：获取请求参数（GET方式）： username=zhangsan
        String queryString = req.getQueryString();
        System.out.println(queryString);

        
        // 获取请求头：user-agent: 浏览器的版本信息
        String agent = req.getHeader("user-agent");
        System.out.println(agent);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //获取post 请求体：请求参数
        //1. 获取字符输入流
        BufferedReader br = req.getReader();
        //2. 读取数据
        String line = br.readLine();
        System.out.println(line);
        
    }
}

（2）通用方式获取请求参数

  @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //GET请求逻辑
        //System.out.println("get....");

        //1. 获取所有参数的Map集合
        Map<String, String[]> map = req.getParameterMap();
        for (String key : map.keySet()) {
            // username:zhangsan lisi
            System.out.print(key+":");

            //获取值
            String[] values = map.get(key);
            for (String value : values) {
                System.out.print(value + " ");
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
        System.out.println("------------");



        //2. 根据key获取参数值，数组
        String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobby");
        for (String hobby : hobbies) {
            System.out.println(hobby);
        }



        //3. 根据key 获取单个参数值
        String username = req.getParameter("username");
        String password = req.getParameter("password");

        System.out.println(username);
        System.out.println(password);
    }

（3）请求参数中文乱码处理

/**
 * 中文乱码问题解决方案
 */
@WebServlet("/req4")
public class RequestDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1. 解决乱码：POST，getReader()
        //request.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");//设置字符输入流的编码

        //2. 获取username
        String username = request.getParameter("username");
        System.out.println("解决乱码前："+username);

        //3. GET,获取参数的方式：getQueryString
        // 乱码原因：tomcat进行URL解码，默认的字符集ISO-8859-1
       /* //3.1 先对乱码数据进行编码：转为字节数组
        byte[] bytes = username.getBytes(StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1);
        //3.2 字节数组解码
        username = new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);*/

        username  = new String(username.getBytes(StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1),StandardCharsets.UTF_8);

        System.out.println("解决乱码后："+username);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doGet(request, response);
    }
}

3.Request请求转发

/**
 * 请求转发
 */
@WebServlet("/req5")
public class RequestDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("demo5...");
        System.out.println(request);
        //存储数据
        request.setAttribute("msg","hello");

        //请求转发
        request.getRequestDispatcher("/req6").forward(request,response);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doGet(request, response);
    }
}

/**
 * 请求转发
 */
@WebServlet("/req6")
public class RequestDemo6 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("demo6...");
        System.out.println(request);
        //获取数据
        Object msg = request.getAttribute("msg");
        System.out.println(msg);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doGet(request, response);
    }
}

五：Response

1.Response设置响应数据功能介绍

2.Response完成重定向

(1)重定向

@WebServlet("/resp1")
public class ResponseDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("resp1....");

        //重定向
        /*//1.设置响应状态码 302
        response.setStatus(302);
        //2. 设置响应头 Location
        response.setHeader("Location","/request-demo/resp2");*/

        //简化方式完成重定向
        //动态获取虚拟目录
        String contextPath = request.getContextPath();

        response.sendRedirect(contextPath+"/resp2");
        //response.sendRedirect("https://www.itcast.cn");外部资源也可以请求
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doGet(request, response);
    }
}

(3)路径问题

浏览器使用：需要加虚拟目录（项目访问路径）

服务端使用：不需要加虚拟目录

3.Response相应字符数据

/**
 * 响应字符数据：设置字符数据的响应体
 */
@WebServlet("/resp3")
public class ResponseDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
        //1. 获取字符输出流
        PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
        //content-type
        //response.setHeader("content-type","text/html");

        writer.write("你好");
        writer.write("<h1>aaa</h1>");
        //细节：流不需要关闭

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doGet(request, response);
    }
}

4.Response响应字节数据

/**
 * 响应字节数据：设置字节数据的响应体
 */
@WebServlet("/resp4")
public class ResponseDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

        //1. 读取文件
        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("d://a.jpg");

        //2. 获取response字节输出流
        ServletOutputStream os = response.getOutputStream();

        //3. 完成流的copy
       /* byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
        int len = 0;
        while ((len = fis.read(buff))!= -1){
            os.write(buff,0,len);
        }*/

        IOUtils.copy(fis,os);

        fis.close();

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doGet(request, response);
    }
}