Linux 磁盘分区（MBR和GPT，loop详细分区方法介绍）_loop分区表(1)

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-13 09:06:19 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-05-13 09:06:19 发布

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**上面我们是通过复制备份硬盘的分区表，根据它自己的特点，可以看出是哪一类的分区，那有没有更快速有效的方法呢？当然有了，这时候就需要 fdisk和parted命令啦；**


**一，fdisk**


**古老的硬盘分区程序，Linux自带的，只是这个程序只支持MBR分区，并且该命令是修改内存的，也就是说不按w键，将不会对任何改动生效。**


**例如，我将sdc这个硬盘转换成GPT后，使用命令 fdisk /dev/sdc  将会出现如下输出，**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help):


 **如果是MBR，fdisk将不会提示：**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help):


**二，parted命令**


**这个命令相比fdisk更新，因此，该程序向下兼容fdisk，也就是说可以分区MBR，也可以分区GPT，此命令是即时生效，这里需要注意，不同于fdisk哦，因此，该命令需要谨慎使用。查看分区类型的命令是 ：parted 磁盘名称 print，比如看sdb和sdc**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 23.6GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Flags
1 0.00B 23.6GB 23.6GB ext4

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 4080GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags


**sdb是整盘分区，loop，sdc就是GPT啦。**


### **下面的命令是将硬盘分区为GPT** **： parted /dev/sdc mklabel gpt**


**其中的Warning: Partition(s) on /dev/sdc are being used.说的是硬盘在使用，如果强行更改分区表，数据将会全部丢失，选择当然是忽略Ignore啦，第二个是问要不要继续，当然是Yes啦。更改完后parted提示你要修改挂载配置文件 /etc/fstab。  
 Ignore/Cancel? Ignore   
 Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdc will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?  
 Yes/No? Yes                                                                 
 Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc mklabel gpt
Warning: Partition(s) on /dev/sdc are being used.
Ignore/Cancel? Ignore
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdc will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No? Yes
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/sdc
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type ‘help’ to view a list of commands.
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 4080GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags


**以上仅仅是将磁盘sdc的分区表改为了GPT，还需要继续分区，命令是： mkpart mydata xfs**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/sdc
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type ‘help’ to view a list of commands.
(parted) mkpart mydata xfs
Start? 0
End? 20000
Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
Ignore/Cancel? Ignore
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 4080GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 17.4kB 20.0GB 20.0GB mydata

(parted) quit
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.


**通过命令parted mkpart mydata xfs  输入20000（单位是M，mydata是一个自定义的名称，可以随意，但最好有一定的意义，自己清楚比较好哦），我们分了一个20G的区，现在格式化后（命令为mkfs.xfs /dev/sdc1）可以通过命令 blkid看到我们新分出来的这个区啦**


**为什么是sdc1呢？因为，我们通过lsblk命令可以看到啦！！！！！！！！！**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 100G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 500M 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 99.5G 0 part
│ ├─centos-root 253:0 0 65G 0 lvm /
│ ├─centos-swap 253:1 0 4.5G 0 lvm [SWAP]
│ ├─centos-var 253:2 0 20G 0 lvm /var
│ └─centos-home 253:3 0 10G 0 lvm /home
├─sda3 8:3 0 1023.5K 0 part
└─sda4 8:4 0 512B 0 part
sdb 8:16 0 22G 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 3.7T 0 disk
└─sdc1 8:33 0 18.6G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 4.4G 0 rom

[root@hdp-1 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdc1
meta-data=/dev/sdc1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=1220702 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=4882808, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@hdp-1 ~]# blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID=“e58de036-fbe2-4992-a1bc-00a7376febf0” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/sda2: UUID=“oYYZPi-rGCZ-3ujF-CtkU-TB6h-qU03-kvkQjL” TYPE=“LVM2_member”
/dev/sdb: UUID=“0fe31ddd-9388-4b5f-ab21-28d6190eed94” TYPE=“ext4”
/dev/sr0: UUID=“2019-09-11-18-50-31-00” LABEL=“CentOS 7 x86_64” TYPE=“iso9660” PTTYPE=“dos”
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID=“05415307-263e-4430-9a13-88ae9fc9f0d9” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/mapper/centos-swap: UUID=“9f28e7d2-5799-499c-98e1-f9cd1aeccd56” TYPE=“swap”
/dev/mapper/centos-var: UUID=“afd83464-82b4-4693-a86b-19d24dc5d4af” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/mapper/centos-home: UUID=“7ef6f1af-c6a1-445e-93a8-560da49274f1” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/sdc1: UUID=“fbb45648-2580-43f1-8ea9-f03f1c911787” TYPE=“xfs” PARTLABEL=“mydata” PARTUUID=“2f4a584a-4f87-490d-9ddf-76f407c2c190”


**那，现在并不想只有一个分区怎么办呢？光一个sdc1太孤单啦，在分一个区吧！！！ 命令是：parted /dev/sdc mkpart mydata2**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc mkpart mydata2
File system type? [ext2]? xfs
Start? 20000
End? 200000
Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
Ignore/Cancel? Ignore
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 4080GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 17.4kB 20.0GB 20.0GB xfs mydata
2 20.0GB 200GB 180GB mydata2


**好啦，现在我们在通过lsblk和blkid看看sdc这个硬盘什么样了吧！！！**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID=“e58de036-fbe2-4992-a1bc-00a7376febf0” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/sda2: UUID=“oYYZPi-rGCZ-3ujF-CtkU-TB6h-qU03-kvkQjL” TYPE=“LVM2_member”
/dev/sdb: UUID=“0fe31ddd-9388-4b5f-ab21-28d6190eed94” TYPE=“ext4”
/dev/sr0: UUID=“2019-09-11-18-50-31-00” LABEL=“CentOS 7 x86_64” TYPE=“iso9660” PTTYPE=“dos”
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID=“05415307-263e-4430-9a13-88ae9fc9f0d9” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/mapper/centos-swap: UUID=“9f28e7d2-5799-499c-98e1-f9cd1aeccd56” TYPE=“swap”
/dev/mapper/centos-var: UUID=“afd83464-82b4-4693-a86b-19d24dc5d4af” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/mapper/centos-home: UUID=“7ef6f1af-c6a1-445e-93a8-560da49274f1” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/sdc1: UUID=“fbb45648-2580-43f1-8ea9-f03f1c911787” TYPE=“xfs” PARTLABEL=“mydata” PARTUUID=“2f4a584a-4f87-490d-9ddf-76f407c2c190”
/dev/sdc2: PARTLABEL=“mydata2” PARTUUID=“26b2660d-ef22-4d6c-86f4-f54740828971”
[root@hdp-1 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 100G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 500M 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 99.5G 0 part
│ ├─centos-root 253:0 0 65G 0 lvm /
│ ├─centos-swap 253:1 0 4.5G 0 lvm [SWAP]
│ ├─centos-var 253:2 0 20G 0 lvm /var
│ └─centos-home 253:3 0 10G 0 lvm /home
├─sda3 8:3 0 1023.5K 0 part
└─sda4 8:4 0 512B 0 part
sdb 8:16 0 22G 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 3.7T 0 disk
├─sdc1 8:33 0 18.6G 0 part
└─sdc2 8:34 0 167.7G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 4.4G 0 rom


**可以看到，又分了一个200G的名字叫mydata2的分区。以上分区操作，我们会发现使用M这个单位有点眼花啦，因为4t基本等于4000000M，光数0就很头疼啦，怎么办？可以指定单位是G啦，好了，现在就把所有分的区清理掉，命令是：parted /dev/sdc rm 1   parted   /dev/sdc   rm 2**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc rm 1
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 4080GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags


**如果你瞎写一个 不存在的分区序号，那么会简单报个错（比如，上面的分区已经删除完了，在执行一次 parted /dev/sdc rm 1）：**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc rm 1
Error: Partition doesn’t exist.


**现在开始正式的分区啦，当然，首先我们要看看sdc到底是多大的硬盘，命令如下：**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 4080GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags


**可以看到，是4080G，第一个分区我们要分4t大小，那么，命令是这样的（非交互式的哦，效果是和上面的一样的）：**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc mkpart mydata xfs 0 4T
Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
Ignore/Cancel? Ignore
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 4080GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 17.4kB 4080GB 4080GB xfs mydata

[root@hdp-1 ~]# blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID=“e58de036-fbe2-4992-a1bc-00a7376febf0” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/sda2: UUID=“oYYZPi-rGCZ-3ujF-CtkU-TB6h-qU03-kvkQjL” TYPE=“LVM2_member”
/dev/sdb: UUID=“0fe31ddd-9388-4b5f-ab21-28d6190eed94” TYPE=“ext4”
/dev/sr0: UUID=“2019-09-11-18-50-31-00” LABEL=“CentOS 7 x86_64” TYPE=“iso9660” PTTYPE=“dos”
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID=“05415307-263e-4430-9a13-88ae9fc9f0d9” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/mapper/centos-swap: UUID=“9f28e7d2-5799-499c-98e1-f9cd1aeccd56” TYPE=“swap”
/dev/mapper/centos-var: UUID=“afd83464-82b4-4693-a86b-19d24dc5d4af” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/mapper/centos-home: UUID=“7ef6f1af-c6a1-445e-93a8-560da49274f1” TYPE=“xfs”
/dev/sdc1: UUID=“fbb45648-2580-43f1-8ea9-f03f1c911787” TYPE=“xfs” PARTLABEL=“mydata” PARTUUID=“07e89474-b2b8-4259-8f99-4233c34dcd2d”
[root@hdp-1 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 100G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 500M 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 99.5G 0 part
│ ├─centos-root 253:0 0 65G 0 lvm /
│ ├─centos-swap 253:1 0 4.5G 0 lvm [SWAP]
│ ├─centos-var 253:2 0 20G 0 lvm /var
│ └─centos-home 253:3 0 10G 0 lvm /home
├─sda3 8:3 0 1023.5K 0 part
└─sda4 8:4 0 512B 0 part
sdb 8:16 0 22G 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 3.7T 0 disk
└─sdc1 8:33 0 3.7T 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 4.4G 0 rom


**可以看到，非交互式可以直接格式化好分区，交互式并不会。因为4T大于4080G，因此，是全部分完的哦。**


**再次删除，重新划分分区，这次是3000G和1000G两个分区，那么，命令应该是这样的（这里有技巧的，下一个分区的开始是上一个分区的结束，这里请仔细理解）：**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc mkpart mydata xfs 0 3000G
Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
Ignore/Cancel? Ignore
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 4080GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 17.4kB 3000GB 3000GB xfs mydata

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc mkpart mydata2 xfs 3000G 4000G
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 4080GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 17.4kB 3000GB 3000GB xfs mydata
2 3000GB 4000GB 1000GB mydata2


**这里需要注意，第二个分区因为分区的时候输入了Ignore，因此，指定的xfs并没有显示，我们需要专门对此分区格式化一下,也就是命令 ：**


**特别注意，这样指定的xfs其实并没有什么卵用，还是需要格式化一下的，因为，你如果不格式化，直接挂载是可以成功的，但df命令显示的容量是不对的。**

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 17.4kB 3000GB 3000GB xfs mydata


**mkfs.xfs /dev/sdc2   当然，也可以格式化成你想要的其它文件系统，比如ext4，这些都是没有什么问题的。**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdc2
meta-data=/dev/sdc2 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=61035136 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=244140544, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=119209, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 4080GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 17.4kB 3000GB 3000GB xfs mydata
2 3000GB 4000GB 1000GB xfs mydata2


**通过blkid我们查出sdc1的UUID，然后将这个UUID写入/etc/fstab 进行挂载就可以使用啦，当然，把这个写入/etc/fstab 文件内也是可以接受的---PARTUUID=4618b8db-269e-4255-ab88-e6c9e3c0ad9a**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# cat /etc/fstab

/etc/fstab

Created by anaconda on Wed Jul 7 04:05:33 2021

Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk’

See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info

/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=e58de036-fbe2-4992-a1bc-00a7376febf0 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-var /var xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb /mnt/newdata ext4 defaults 0 0
UUID=fbb45648-2580-43f1-8ea9-f03f1c911787 /opt/data xfs defaults 0 0


**格式化后，挂载成功后，df命令将显示实际的准确的容量（文件系统毕竟也是要算容量的啊，当然会小很多啦。）：**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# df -ah
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/centos-root 65G 1.5G 64G 3% /
systemd-1 - - - - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
mqueue 0 0 0 - /dev/mqueue
hugetlbfs 0 0 0 - /dev/hugepages
debugfs 0 0 0 - /sys/kernel/debug
/dev/sdb 22G 45M 21G 1% /mnt/newdata
/dev/sda1 497M 130M 368M 26% /boot
/dev/mapper/centos-home 10G 33M 10G 1% /home
/dev/mapper/centos-var 20G 4.6G 16G 23% /var
tmpfs 799M 0 799M 0% /run/user/0
binfmt_misc 0 0 0 - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
/dev/sdc2 931G 33M 931G 1% /mnt/mydata2
/dev/sdc1 2.7T 89M 2.6T 1% /opt/data




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**整盘分区也就是loop模式就是直接执行硬盘格式化命令，系统会认为这个硬盘是loop分区表啦，例子如下：**

[root@hdp-1 ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/sdc
meta-data=/dev/sdc isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=249036800 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=996147200, imaxpct=5
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=486400, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@hdp-1 ~]# parted /dev/sdc print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 4080GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Flags
1 0.00B 4080GB 4080GB xfs

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华为18级工程师呕心沥血撰写3000页Linux学习笔记教程

第一份《Linux从入门到精通》466页

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内容简介

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本书是获得了很多读者好评的Linux经典畅销书**《Linux从入门到精通》的第2版**。本书第1版出版后曾经多次印刷，并被51CTO读书频道评为“最受读者喜爱的原创IT技术图书奖”。本书第﹖版以最新的Ubuntu 12.04为版本，循序渐进地向读者介绍了Linux 的基础应用、系统管理、网络应用、娱乐和办公、程序开发、服务器配置、系统安全等。本书附带1张光盘，内容为本书配套多媒体教学视频。另外,本书还为读者提供了大量的Linux学习资料和Ubuntu安装镜像文件，供读者免费下载。

华为18级工程师呕心沥血撰写3000页Linux学习笔记教程