alter table 表名 change 旧字段 新字段 类型 [comment 注释] [约束];
1.3.4.删除字段
alter table 表名 drop 字段名;
1.3.5.修改表名
alter table 表名 rename to 新表名;
2.管理数据库
1.查看MySQL创建格式
mysql> help create database;
Name: 'CREATE DATABASE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name
[create_option] ...
create_option: [DEFAULT] {
CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
| COLLATE [=] collation_name
}
解释:
create:创建语句
database:创建数据库
schema:同database
if not exists:在创建数据库之前进⾏判断,只有该数据库⽬前尚不存在时才能执⾏操作。此选项可以⽤来避免数据库已经存在⽽重复创建的错误
db_name:自定义创建数据库名
create_option:字符编码选项
character set:字符编码
collate:校对排序规则
create database test default cartacter set=utf8 collate=utf8_bin;
2.查看系统支持的字符集
mysql> show charset;
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
| latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
| swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
| ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
| ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
| sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
| hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
| tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
| euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
| koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
| gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
| greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
| gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |
| latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |
| ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
| cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
| keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
| macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |
| macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
| cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
| latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
| utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 |
| utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
| utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 |
| binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
| geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
| cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
| gb18030 | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci | 4 |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
41 rows in set (0.00 sec)
常用字符集解释:
gb2312:简体中文汉字编码国家标准
gbk:可以说是对 GB2312 编码的扩充
gb18030:完全支持 Unicode,无需动用造字区即可支持中国国内少数民族文字、中日韩和繁体汉字以及 emoji 等字符,编码空间庞大,最多可定义 161 万个字符。
Unicode:国际标准字符集
utf-8:是一种对Unicode的可变长度字符编码。它可以用一至四个字节对Unicode字符集中的所有有效编码点进行编码,它逐渐成为网络传输中优先采用的编码方式。
utf-16:UTF-16 也是一种变长字符编码, 这种编码方式比较特殊, 它将字符编码成 2 字节 或者 4 字节
3.创建数据库
mysql> create database if not exists test default character set=gb18030 collate=gb18030_bin;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
解释:
创建一个字符集为gb18030排序规则gb18030_bin,名为test,如果存在将跳过创建,不出现报错信息,如果不存在进行创建
4.修改数据库字符集
mysql> alter database test default character set='utf8' ; #修改库的
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show create database test;
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| test | CREATE DATABASE `test` /\*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 \*/ |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5.修改表存储引擎
mysql> show create table test;
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| test | CREATE TABLE `test` (
`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter table test engine=MyISAM;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> show create table test;
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| test | CREATE TABLE `test` (
`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.删除数据库
mysql> drop database test; #表内删除库
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> mysqladmin -u root -p drop test #表外删除库
password:
3.管理表
1.创建表
mysql> create table if not exists txt(id int,name varchar(10) not null,age int not null,primary key(id))engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
2.查看表结构和类型
mysql> desc txt;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show create table txt;
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| txt | CREATE TABLE `txt` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`age` int(11) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3.插入数据
mysql> insert into txt (id,name,age) values(1,'zhangsan',12);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into txt values(2,'lisi',15),(3,'wangwu',18);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select \* from txt;
+----+----------+-----+
| id | name | age |
+----+----------+-----+
| 1 | zhangsan | 12 |
| 2 | lisi | 15 |
| 3 | wangwu | 18 |
+----+----------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.对表的字符集进行修改
mysql> alter table txt convert to character set gb18030;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> show create table txt;
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| txt | CREATE TABLE `txt` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`age` int(11) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb18030 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> grant all on test.\* to zhangsan@'%' identified by '123.com';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> show grants for zhangsan@'%';
+----------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for zhangsan@% |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON \*.\* TO 'zhangsan'@'%' |
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `test`.\* TO 'zhangsan'@'%' |
+----------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.撤销删除权限
mysql> revoke drop,delete on test.\* from zhangsan@'%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
3.查看权限
mysql> show grants for zhangsan@'%';
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for zhangsan@% |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON \*.\* TO 'zhangsan'@'%' |
| GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, CREATE, REFERENCES, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES, EXECUTE, CREATE VIEW, SHOW VIEW, CREATE ROUTINE, ALTER ROUTINE, EVENT, TRIGGER ON `test`.\* TO 'zhangsan'@'%' |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)