网络安全最新Tomcat-session的实现：线程安全与管理，2024年最新好文推荐

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}
return (facade);

}

再最后，要说明的是，整个sessions的管理使用一个 ConcurrentHashMap 来存放全局会话信息，sessionId->session实例。

对于同一次http请求中，该session会被存储在当前的Request栈org.apache.catalina.connector.Request#session字段中，从而无需每次深入获取。每个请求进来后，会将session保存在当前的request信息中。

3. 过期session清理？

会话不可能不过期，不过期的也不叫会话了。

会话过期的触发时机主要有三个：1. 每次进行会话调用时，会主动有效性isValid()验证，此时如果发现过期可以主动清理： 2. 后台定时任务触发清理； 3. 启动或停止应用的时候清理；（这对于非内存式的存储会更有用些）

// case1. 请求时验证，如前面所述
// org.apache.catalina.connector.Request#doGetSession
protected Session doGetSession(boolean create) {
…
// Return the current session if it exists and is valid
if ((session != null) && !session.isValid()) {
session = null;
}
if (session != null) {
return (session);
}
…
}

// case2. 后台定时任务清理
// org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase#backgroundProcess
@Override
public void backgroundProcess() {
// 并非每次定时任务到达时都会进行清理，而是要根据其清理频率设置来运行
// 默认是 6
count = (count + 1) % processExpiresFrequency;
if (count == 0)
processExpires();
}
/**

• Invalidate all sessions that have expired.
  */
  public void processExpires() {

long timeNow = System.currentTimeMillis();
// 找出所有的sessions, 转化为数组遍历
Session sessions[] = findSessions();
int expireHere = 0 ;

if(log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug("Start expire sessions " + getName() + " at " + timeNow + " sessioncount " + sessions.length);
for (int i = 0; i < sessions.length; i++) {
// 事实上后台任务也是调用 isValid() 方法 进行过期任务清理的
if (sessions[i]!=null && !sessions[i].isValid()) {
expireHere++;
}
}
long timeEnd = System.currentTimeMillis();
if(log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug("End expire sessions " + getName() + " processingTime " + (timeEnd - timeNow) + " expired sessions: " + expireHere);
processingTime += ( timeEnd - timeNow );

}

//case3. start/stop 时触发过期清理(生命周期事件)
// org.apache.catalina.session.StandardManager#startInternal
/**

• Start this component and implement the requirements
• of {@link org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase#startInternal()}.
• @exception LifecycleException if this component detects a fatal error
• that prevents this component from being used
  */
  @Override
  protected synchronized void startInternal() throws LifecycleException {

super.startInternal();

// Load unloaded sessions, if any
try {
// doLoad() 调用
load();
} catch (Throwable t) {
ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(t);
log.error(sm.getString(“standardManager.managerLoad”), t);
}

setState(LifecycleState.STARTING);
}

/**

• Load any currently active sessions that were previously unloaded
• to the appropriate persistence mechanism, if any. If persistence is not
• supported, this method returns without doing anything.
• @exception ClassNotFoundException if a serialized class cannot be
• found during the reload
• @exception IOException if an input/output error occurs
  */
  protected void doLoad() throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException {
  if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
  log.debug(“Start: Loading persisted sessions”);
  }

// Initialize our internal data structures
sessions.clear();

// Open an input stream to the specified pathname, if any
File file = file();
if (file == null) {
return;
}
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug(sm.getString(“standardManager.loading”, pathname));
}
Loader loader = null;
ClassLoader classLoader = null;
Log logger = null;
try (FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file.getAbsolutePath());
BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis)) {
Context c = getContext();
loader = c.getLoader();
logger = c.getLogger();
if (loader != null) {
classLoader = loader.getClassLoader();
}
if (classLoader == null) {
classLoader = getClass().getClassLoader();
}

// Load the previously unloaded active sessions
synchronized (sessions) {
try (ObjectInputStream ois = new CustomObjectInputStream(bis, classLoader, logger,
getSessionAttributeValueClassNamePattern(),
getWarnOnSessionAttributeFilterFailure())) {
Integer count = (Integer) ois.readObject();
int n = count.intValue();
if (log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug(“Loading " + n + " persisted sessions”);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
StandardSession session = getNewSession();
session.readObjectData(ois);
session.setManager(this);
sessions.put(session.getIdInternal(), session);
session.activate();
if (!session.isValidInternal()) {
// If session is already invalid,
// expire session to prevent memory leak.
// 主动调用 expire
session.setValid(true);
session.expire();
}
sessionCounter++;
}
} finally {
// Delete the persistent storage file
if (file.exists()) {
file.delete();
}
}
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug(“No persisted data file found”);
}
return;
}

if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug(“Finish: Loading persisted sessions”);
}
}
// stopInternal() 事件到达时清理 sessions
/**

• Save any currently active sessions in the appropriate persistence
• mechanism, if any. If persistence is not supported, this method
• returns without doing anything.
• @exception IOException if an input/output error occurs
  */
  protected void doUnload() throws IOException {

if (log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug(sm.getString(“standardManager.unloading.debug”));

if (sessions.isEmpty()) {
log.debug(sm.getString(“standardManager.unloading.nosessions”));
return; // nothing to do
}

// Open an output stream to the specified pathname, if any
File file = file();
if (file == null) {
return;
}
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug(sm.getString(“standardManager.unloading”, pathname));
}

// Keep a note of sessions that are expired
ArrayList list = new ArrayList<>();

try (FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file.getAbsolutePath());
BufferedOutputStream bos = new BufferedOutputStream(fos);
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos)) {

synchronized (sessions) {
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug(“Unloading " + sessions.size() + " sessions”);
}
// Write the number of active sessions, followed by the details
oos.writeObject(Integer.valueOf(sessions.size()));
for (Session s : sessions.values()) {
StandardSession session = (StandardSession) s;
list.add(session);
session.passivate();
session.writeObjectData(oos);
}
}
}

// Expire all the sessions we just wrote
// 将所有session失效，实际上应用即将关闭，失不失效的应该也无所谓了
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug(“Expiring " + list.size() + " persisted sessions”);
}
for (StandardSession session : list) {
try {
session.expire(false);
} catch (Throwable t) {
ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(t);
} finally {
session.recycle();
}
}

if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug(“Unloading complete”);
}
}

接下来我们看下具体如何清理过期的会话？实际应该就是一个remove的事。

// org.apache.catalina.session.StandardSession#isValid
/**

• Return the isValid flag for this session.
  */
  @Override
  public boolean isValid() {

if (!this.isValid) {
return false;
}

if (this.expiring) {
return true;
}

if (ACTIVITY_CHECK && accessCount.get() > 0) {
return true;
}
// 超过有效期，主动触发清理
if (maxInactiveInterval > 0) {
int timeIdle = (int) (getIdleTimeInternal() / 1000L);
if (timeIdle >= maxInactiveInterval) {
expire(true);
}
}

return this.isValid;
}

// org.apache.catalina.session.StandardSession#expire(boolean)
/**

• Perform the internal processing required to invalidate this session,
• without triggering an exception if the session has already expired.
• @param notify Should we notify listeners about the demise of
• this session?
  */
  public void expire(boolean notify) {

// Check to see if session has already been invalidated.
// Do not check expiring at this point as expire should not return until
// isValid is false
if (!isValid)
return;
// 上锁保证线程安全
synchronized (this) {
// Check again, now we are inside the sync so this code only runs once
// Double check locking - isValid needs to be volatile
// The check of expiring is to ensure that an infinite loop is not
// entered as per bug 56339
if (expiring || !isValid)
return;

if (manager == null)
return;

// Mark this session as “being expired”
expiring = true;

// Notify interested application event listeners
// FIXME - Assumes we call listeners in reverse order
Context context = manager.getContext();

// The call to expire() may not have been triggered by the webapp.
// Make sure the webapp’s class loader is set when calling the
// listeners
if (notify) {
ClassLoader oldContextClassLoader = null;
try {
oldContextClassLoader = context.bind(Globals.IS_SECURITY_ENABLED, null);
Object listeners[] = context.getApplicationLifecycleListeners();
if (listeners != null && listeners.length > 0) {
HttpSessionEvent event =
new HttpSessionEvent(getSession());
for (int i = 0; i < listeners.length; i++) {
int j = (listeners.length - 1) - i;
if (!(listeners[j] instanceof HttpSessionListener))
continue;
HttpSessionListener listener =
(HttpSessionListener) listeners[j];
try {
context.fireContainerEvent(“beforeSessionDestroyed”,
listener);
listener.sessionDestroyed(event);
context.fireContainerEvent(“afterSessionDestroyed”,
listener);
} catch (Throwable t) {
ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(t);
try {
context.fireContainerEvent(
“afterSessionDestroyed”, listener);
} catch (Exception e) {
// Ignore
}
manager.getContext().getLogger().error
(sm.getString(“standardSession.sessionEvent”), t);
}
}
}
} finally {
context.unbind(Globals.IS_SECURITY_ENABLED, oldContextClassLoader);
}
}

if (ACTIVITY_CHECK) {
accessCount.set(0);
}

// Remove this session from our manager’s active sessions
// 从ManagerBase 中删除
manager.remove(this, true);

// Notify interested session event listeners
if (notify) {
fireSessionEvent(Session.SESSION_DESTROYED_EVENT, null);
}

// Call the logout method
if (principal instanceof TomcatPrincipal) {
TomcatPrincipal gp = (TomcatPrincipal) principal;
try {
gp.logout();
} catch (Exception e) {
manager.getContext().getLogger().error(
sm.getString(“standardSession.logoutfail”),
e);
}
}

// We have completed expire of this session
setValid(false);
expiring = false;

// Unbind any objects associated with this session
String keys[] = keys();
ClassLoader oldContextClassLoader = null;
try {
oldContextClassLoader = context.bind(Globals.IS_SECURITY_ENABLED, null);
for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
removeAttributeInternal(keys[i], notify);
}
} finally {
context.unbind(Globals.IS_SECURITY_ENABLED, oldContextClassLoader);
}
}

}

// org.apache.catalina.session.ManagerBase#remove(org.apache.catalina.Session, boolean)
@Override
public void remove(Session session, boolean update) {
// If the session has expired - as opposed to just being removed from
// the manager because it is being persisted - update the expired stats
if (update) {
long timeNow = System.currentTimeMillis();
int timeAlive =
(int) (timeNow - session.getCreationTimeInternal())/1000;
updateSessionMaxAliveTime(timeAlive);
expiredSessions.incrementAndGet();
SessionTiming timing = new SessionTiming(timeNow, timeAlive);
synchronized (sessionExpirationTiming) {
sessionExpirationTiming.add(timing);
sessionExpirationTiming.poll();
}
}
// 从sessions中移除session
if (session.getIdInternal() != null) {
sessions.remove(session.getIdInternal());
}
}

清理工作的核心任务没猜错，还是进行remove对应的session, 但作为框架必然会设置很多的扩展点，为各监听器接入的机会。这些点的设计，直接关系到整个功能的好坏了。

4. session如何保证线程安全？

实际是废话，前面已经明显看出，其使用一个 ConcurrentHashMap 作为session的管理容器，而ConcurrentHashMap本身就是线程安全的，自然也就保证了线程安全了。

不过需要注意的是，上面的线程安全是指的不同客户端间的数据是互不影响的。然而对于同一个客户端的重复请求，以上实现并未处理，即可能会生成一次session，也可能生成n次session，不过实际影响不大，因为客户端的状态与服务端的状态都是一致的。

5. 使用持久化方案的session管理实现

默认情况使用内存作为session管理工具，一是方便，二是速度相当快。但是最大的缺点是，其无法实现持久化，即可能停机后信息就丢失了（虽然上面有在停机时做了持久化操作，但仍然是不可靠的）。

所以就有了与之相对的存储方案了：Persistent，它有一个基类 PersistentManagerBase 继承了 ManagerBase，做了些特别的实现：

// 1. session的添加
// 复用 ManagerBase

// 2. session的查找
// org.apache.catalina.session.PersistentManagerBase#findSession
/**

• {@inheritDoc}
• This method checks the persistence store if persistence is enabled,
• otherwise just uses the functionality from ManagerBase.
  */
  @Override
  public Session findSession(String id) throws IOException {
  // 复用ManagerBase, 获取Session实例
  Session session = super.findSession(id);
  // OK, at this point, we’re not sure if another thread is trying to
  // remove the session or not so the only way around this is to lock it
  // (or attempt to) and then try to get it by this session id again. If
  // the other code ran swapOut, then we should get a null back during
  // this run, and if not, we lock it out so we can access the session
  // safely.
  if(session != null) {
  synchronized(session){
  session = super.findSession(session.getIdInternal());
  if(session != null){
  // To keep any external calling code from messing up the
  // concurrency.
  session.access();
  session.endAccess();
  }
  }
  }
  if (session != null)
  return session;

// See if the Session is in the Store
// 如果内存中找不到会话信息，从存储中查找，这是主要的区别
session = swapIn(id);
return session;
}
// org.apache.catalina.session.PersistentManagerBase#swapIn
/**

• Look for a session in the Store and, if found, restore
• it in the Manager’s list of active sessions if appropriate.
• The session will be removed from the Store after swapping
• in, but will not be added to the active session list if it
• is invalid or past its expiration.
• @param id The id of the session that should be swapped in
• @return restored session, or {@code null}, if none is found
• @throws IOException an IO error occurred
  */
  protected Session swapIn(String id) throws IOException {

if (store == null)
return null;

Object swapInLock = null;

/*

• The purpose of this sync and these locks is to make sure that a
• session is only loaded once. It doesn’t matter if the lock is removed
• and then another thread enters this method and tries to load the same
• session. That thread will re-create a swapIn lock for that session,
• quickly find that the session is already in sessions, use it and
• carry on.
  */
  // 额，总之就是有点复杂
  synchronized (this) {
  swapInLock = sessionSwapInLocks.get(id);
  if (swapInLock == null) {
  swapInLock = new Object();
  sessionSwapInLocks.put(id, swapInLock);
  }
  }

Session session = null;

synchronized (swapInLock) {
// First check to see if another thread has loaded the session into
// the manager
session = sessions.get(id);

if (session == null) {
Session currentSwapInSession = sessionToSwapIn.get();
try {
if (currentSwapInSession == null || !id.equals(currentSwapInSession.getId())) {
// 从存储中查找session
session = loadSessionFromStore(id);
sessionToSwapIn.set(session);

if (session != null && !session.isValid()) {
log.error(sm.getString(“persistentManager.swapInInvalid”, id));
session.expire();
removeSession(id);
session = null;
}
// 重新加入到内存 sessions 中
if (session != null) {
reactivateLoadedSession(id, session);
}
}
} finally {
sessionToSwapIn.remove();
}
}
}

// Make sure the lock is removed
synchronized (this) {
sessionSwapInLocks.remove(id);
}

return session;

}
private Session loadSessionFromStore(String id) throws IOException {
try {
if (SecurityUtil.isPackageProtectionEnabled()){
return securedStoreLoad(id);
} else {
// 依赖于store的实现了，比如 file, jdbc…
return store.load(id);
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
String msg = sm.getString(
“persistentManager.deserializeError”, id);
log.error(msg, e);
throw new IllegalStateException(msg, e);
}
}
// store 实现样例: fileStore
// org.apache.catalina.session.FileStore#load
/**

• Load and return the Session associated with the specified session
• identifier from this Store, without removing it. If there is no
• such stored Session, return null.
• @param id Session identifier of the session to load
• @exception ClassNotFoundException if a deserialization error occurs
• @exception IOException if an input/output error occurs
  */
  @Override
  public Session load(String id) throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException {
  // Open an input stream to the specified pathname, if any
  File file = file(id);
  if (file == null) {
  return null;
  }

if (!file.exists()) {
return null;
}

Context context = getManager().getContext();
Log contextLog = context.getLogger();

if (contextLog.isDebugEnabled()) {
contextLog.debug(sm.getString(getStoreName()+“.loading”, id, file.getAbsolutePath()));
}

ClassLoader oldThreadContextCL = context.bind(Globals.IS_SECURITY_ENABLED, null);

try (FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file.getAbsolutePath());
ObjectInputStream ois = getObjectInputStream(fis)) {

StandardSession session = (StandardSession) manager.createEmptySession();
session.readObjectData(ois);
session.setManager(manager);
return session;
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
if (contextLog.isDebugEnabled()) {
contextLog.debug(“No persisted data file found”);

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