### 4.创建区块
现在,我们可以创建区块了。读取前一个区块中的信息,并将其链接到新区块上。这也是区块链思想的核心。看起来有效的交易可以尝试欺骗地插入到区块链中,但是对所有前面的块进行解密在计算上(几乎)是不可能的,这如此便保留了区块链的完整性。
def make_block(transactions, chain):
“”“Make a block to go into the chain.”“”
parent_hash = chain[-1][‘hash’]
block_number = chain[-1][‘contents’][‘block_number’] + 1
block_contents = {
‘block_number’: block_number,
‘parent_hash’: parent_hash,
‘transaction_count’: block_number + 1,
‘transaction’: transactions
}
return {‘hash’: hash_function(block_contents), ‘contents’: block_contents}
以下函数是一个帮助检查先前区块哈希函数的小帮手:
def check_block_hash(block):
expected_hash = hash_function(block[‘contents’])
if block[‘hash’] is not expected_hash:
raise
return
### 5.升级区块链
def check_block_validity(block, parent, state):
parent_number = parent[‘contents’][‘block_number’]
parent_hash = parent[‘hash’]
block_number = block[‘contents’][‘block_number’]
for transaction in block[‘contents’][‘transaction’]:
if valid_transaction(transaction, state):
state = update_state(transaction, state)
else:
raise
check_block_hash(block) # Check hash integrity
if block_number is not parent_number + 1:
raise
if block[‘contents’][‘parent_hash’] is not parent_hash:
raise
return state
### 6.验证区块链
def check_chain(chain):
“”“Check the chain is valid.”“”
if type(chain) is str:
try:
chain = json.loads(chain)
assert (type(chain) == list)
except ValueError:
String passed in was not valid JSON
return False
elif type(chain) is not list:
return False
state = {}
for transaction in chain[0][‘contents’][‘transaction’]:
state = update_state(transaction, state)
check_block_hash(chain[0])
parent = chain[0]
for block in chain[1:]:
state = check_block_validity(block, parent, state)
parent = block
return state
### 7.事务处理函数
最后,我们需要用事务处理函数将以上全部内容串起:
def add_transaction_to_chain(transaction, state, chain):
if valid_transaction(transaction, state):
state = update_state(transaction, state)
else:
raise Exception(‘Invalid transaction.’)
my_block = make_block(state, chain)
chain.append(my_block)
for transaction in chain:
check_chain(transaction)
return state, chain
### 举例
以上是我们的七个函数,那么该如何与之互动呢?首先我们需要用Genesis Block启动我们的区块链。这是我们的初始资金。
比方说,Tom,从10个硬币开始:
genesis_block = {
‘hash’: hash_function({
‘block_number’: 0,
‘parent_hash’: None,
‘transaction_count’: 1,
‘transaction’: [{‘Tom’: 10}]
}),
‘contents’: {
‘block_number’: 0,
‘parent_hash’: None,
‘transaction_count’: 1,
‘transaction’: [{‘Tom’: 10}]
},
}
block_chain = [genesis_block]
chain_state = {‘Tom’: 10}
接下来,Tom给了Medium一些硬币:
chain_state, block_chain = add_transaction_to_chain(transaction={‘Tom’: -1, ‘Medium’: 1}, state=chain_state, chain=block_chain)
状态就会更新成:
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