Java8学习笔记【下】【尚硅谷】

6. Stream API

6.1 概念

什么是 Stream?

image-20210814174635329

6.2

Stream的操作步骤:

在这里插入图片描述

6.3 创建流

image-20210814174816534

创建流:几种方法如下

/**
* 创建流
*/
@Test
public void test01(){
    /**
    * 集合流
    *  - Collection.stream() 穿行流
    *  - Collection.parallelStream() 并行流
    */
    List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
    Stream<String> stream1 = list.stream();

    //数组流
    //Arrays.stream(array)
    String[] strings = new String[10];
    Stream<String> stream2 = Arrays.stream(strings);

    //Stream 静态方法
    //Stream.of(...)
    Stream<Integer> stream3 = Stream.of(1, 2, 3);

    //无限流
    //迭代
    Stream<Integer> iterate = Stream.iterate(0, (i) -> i + 2);
    iterate.forEach(System.out::println);

    //生成
    Stream.generate(() -> Math.random())
        .limit(5)
        .forEach(System.out::println);
}

6.4 筛选 / 切片

中间操作:

  • filter:接收 Lambda ,从流中排除某些元素
  • limit:截断流,使其元素不超过给定数量
  • skip(n):跳过元素,返回一个舍弃了前n个元素的流;若流中元素不足n个,则返回一个空流;与 limit(n) 互补
  • distinct:筛选,通过流所生成的 hashCode() 与 equals() 取除重复元素
List<Employee> emps = Arrays.asList(
    new Employee(101, "Z3", 19, 9999.99),
    new Employee(102, "L4", 20, 7777.77),
    new Employee(103, "W5", 35, 6666.66),
    new Employee(104, "Tom", 44, 1111.11),
    new Employee(105, "Jerry", 60, 4444.44)
);

@Test
public void test01(){
    emps.stream()
        .filter((x) -> x.getAge() > 35)
        .limit(3) //短路?达到满足不再内部迭代
        .distinct()
        .skip(1)
        .forEach(System.out::println);

}

Stream的中间操作:

在这里插入图片描述
  • 内部迭代:迭代操作由 Stream API 完成
  • 外部迭代:我们通过迭代器完成

6.5 映射

  • map:接收 Lambda ,将元素转换为其他形式或提取信息;接受一个函数作为参数,该函数会被应用到每个元素上,并将其映射成一个新的元素
  • flatMap:接收一个函数作为参数,将流中每一个值都换成另一个流,然后把所有流重新连接成一个流

map:

@Test
public void test02(){
    List<String> list = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c");
    list.stream()
        .map((str) -> str.toUpperCase())
        .forEach(System.out::println);
}

@Test
public void test03(){
        emps.stream()
                .map(Employee::getName)
                .forEach(System.out::println);
}

flatMap:

    public Stream<Character> filterCharacter(String str){
        List<Character> list=new ArrayList<>();
        for (char c:str.toCharArray()){
            list.add(c);
        }
        return list.stream();
    }

    @Test
    public void test05(){
        List<String> list=Arrays.asList("aaa","bbb","ccc");
        Demo01 demo=new Demo01();
        list.stream().
                flatMap(demo::filterCharacter).
                forEach(System.out::println);
    }

6.6 排序

  • sorted():自然排序
  • sorted(Comparator c):定制排序

Comparable:自然排序

@Test
public void test04(){
    List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4,5);
    list.stream()
        .sorted() //comparaTo()
        .forEach(System.out::println);
}

Comparator:定制排序

@Test
public void test05(){
    emps.stream()
        .sorted((e1, e2) -> { //compara()
            if (e1.getAge().equals(e2.getAge())){
                return e1.getName().compareTo(e2.getName());
            } else {
                return e1.getAge().compareTo(e2.getAge());
            }
        })
        .forEach(System.out::println);
}

6.7 查找 / 匹配

终止操作:

  • allMatch:检查是否匹配所有元素
  • anyMatch:检查是否至少匹配一个元素
  • noneMatch:检查是否没有匹配所有元素
  • findFirst:返回第一个元素
  • findAny:返回当前流中的任意元素
  • count:返回流中元素的总个数
  • max:返回流中最大值
  • min:返回流中最小值

注意:只有终止操作存在之后,中间操作才会执行

如果没有写终止操作,只执行中间操作,则不会得到结果

	//3. 终止操作
	/*
		allMatch——检查是否匹配所有元素
		anyMatch——检查是否至少匹配一个元素
		noneMatch——检查是否没有匹配的元素
		findFirst——返回第一个元素
		findAny——返回当前流中的任意元素
		count——返回流中元素的总个数
		max——返回流中最大值
		min——返回流中最小值
	 */

public enum Status {
    FREE, BUSY, VOCATION;
}

@Test
public void test01(){
    List<Status> list = Arrays.asList(Status.FREE, Status.BUSY, Status.VOCATION);

    boolean flag1 = list.stream()
        .allMatch((s) -> s.equals(Status.BUSY));
    System.out.println(flag1);

    boolean flag2 = list.stream()
        .anyMatch((s) -> s.equals(Status.BUSY));
    System.out.println(flag2);

    boolean flag3 = list.stream()
        .noneMatch((s) -> s.equals(Status.BUSY));
    System.out.println(flag3);

    // 避免空指针异常
    Optional<Status> op1 = list.stream()
        .findFirst();
    // 如果Optional为空 找一个替代的对象
    Status s1 = op1.orElse(Status.BUSY);
    System.out.println(s1);

    Optional<Status> op2 = list.stream()
        .findAny();
    System.out.println(op2);

    long count = list.stream()
        .count();
    System.out.println(count);
}

6.8 归约 / 收集

  • 归约:reduce(T identity, BinaryOperator) / reduce(BinaryOperator) 可以将流中的数据反复结合起来,得到一个值
  • 收集:collect 将流转换成其他形式;接收一个 Collector 接口的实现,用于给流中元素做汇总的方法

reduce:

/**
* Java:
*  - reduce:需提供默认值(初始值)
* Kotlin:
*  - fold:不需要默认值(初始值)
*  - reduce:需提供默认值(初始值)
*/
@Test
public void test01(){
    List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);
    Integer integer = list.stream()
        .reduce(0, (x, y) -> x + y);
    System.out.println(integer);
}

collect:

在这里插入图片描述
List<Employee> emps = Arrays.asList(
    new Employee(101, "Z3", 19, 9999.99),
    new Employee(102, "L4", 20, 7777.77),
    new Employee(103, "W5", 35, 6666.66),
    new Employee(104, "Tom", 44, 1111.11),
    new Employee(105, "Jerry", 60, 4444.44)
);

@Test
public void test02(){
    //放入List
    List<String> list = emps.stream()
        .map(Employee::getName)
        .collect(Collectors.toList()); 
    list.forEach(System.out::println);
    
	//放入Set
    Set<String> set = emps.stream()
        .map(Employee::getName)
        .collect(Collectors.toSet());
    set.forEach(System.out::println);

    //放入LinkedHashSet
    LinkedHashSet<String> linkedHashSet = emps.stream()
        .map(Employee::getName)
        .collect(Collectors.toCollection(LinkedHashSet::new));
    linkedHashSet.forEach(System.out::println);
}

@Test
public void test03(){
    //总数
    Long count = emps.stream()
        .collect(Collectors.counting());
    System.out.println(count);

    //平均值
    Double avg = emps.stream()
        .collect(Collectors.averagingDouble(Employee::getSalary));
    System.out.println(avg);

    //总和
    Double sum = emps.stream()
        .collect(Collectors.summingDouble(Employee::getSalary));
    System.out.println(sum);

    //最大值
    Optional<Employee> max = emps.stream()
        .collect(Collectors.maxBy((e1, e2) -> Double.compare(e1.getSalary(), e2.getSalary())));
    System.out.println(max.get());

    //最小值
    Optional<Double> min = emps.stream()
        .map(Employee::getSalary)
        .collect(Collectors.minBy(Double::compare));
    System.out.println(min.get());
}

@Test
public void test04(){
    //分组
    Map<Integer, List<Employee>> map = emps.stream()
        .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Employee::getId));
    System.out.println(map);

    //多级分组
    Map<Integer, Map<String, List<Employee>>> mapMap = emps.stream()
        .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Employee::getId, Collectors.groupingBy((e) -> {
            if (e.getAge() > 35) {
                return "开除";
            } else {
                return "继续加班";
            }
        })));
    System.out.println(mapMap);
    
    //分区
    Map<Boolean, List<Employee>> listMap = emps.stream()
        .collect(Collectors.partitioningBy((e) -> e.getSalary() > 4321));
    System.out.println(listMap);
}

@Test
public void test05(){
    //总结
    DoubleSummaryStatistics dss = emps.stream()
        .collect(Collectors.summarizingDouble(Employee::getSalary));
    System.out.println(dss.getMax());
    System.out.println(dss.getMin());
    System.out.println(dss.getSum());
    System.out.println(dss.getCount());
    System.out.println(dss.getAverage());
    
    //连接
    String str = emps.stream()
        .map(Employee::getName)
        .collect(Collectors.joining("-")); //可传入分隔符
    System.out.println(str);
}

image-20210814175018637

6.9 案例

**案例一:**给定一个数字列表,如何返回一个由每个数的平方构成的列表呢?(如:给定【1,2,3,4,5】,返回【1,4,9,16,25】)

@Test
public void test01(){
    List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
    list.stream()
        .map((x) -> x * x)
        .forEach(System.out::println);
}

**案例二:**怎样使用 map 和 reduce 数一数流中有多少个 Employee 呢?

List<Employee> emps = Arrays.asList(
    new Employee(101, "Z3", 19, 9999.99),
    new Employee(102, "L4", 20, 7777.77),
    new Employee(103, "W5", 35, 6666.66),
    new Employee(104, "Tom", 44, 1111.11),
    new Employee(105, "Jerry", 60, 4444.44)
);

@Test
public void test02(){
    Optional<Integer> result = emps.stream()
        .map((e) -> 1)
        .reduce(Integer::sum);
    System.out.println(result.get());
    

6.10 并行流

  • 并行流:就是把一个内容分成几个数据块,并用不同的线程分别处理每个数据块的流
  • Java 8 中将并行进行了优化,我们可以很容易的对数据进行操作;Stream API 可以声明性地通过 parallel() 与 sequential() 在并行流与串行流之间切换

Fork / Join 框架:

image-20210814175135684

Fork / Join 实现:

public class ForkJoinCalculate extends RecursiveTask<Long> {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1234567890L;

    private long start;
    private long end;

    private static final long THRESHPLD = 10000;

    public ForkJoinCalculate(long start, long end) {
        this.start = start;
        this.end = end;
    }

    @Override
    protected Long compute() {
        long length = end - start;

        if (length <= THRESHPLD) {
            long sum = 0;
            for (long i = start; i <= end; i++) {
                sum += i;
            }
        } else {
            long middle = (start + end) / 2;

            ForkJoinCalculate left = new ForkJoinCalculate(start, end);
            left.fork(); //拆分子任务 压入线程队列

            ForkJoinCalculate right = new ForkJoinCalculate(middle + 1, end);
            right.fork();

            return left.join() + right.join();
        }

        return null;
    }
}

public class TestForkJoin {

    /**
     * ForkJoin 框架
     */
    @Test
    public void test01(){
        Instant start = Instant.now();

        ForkJoinPool pool = new ForkJoinPool();
        ForkJoinCalculate task = new ForkJoinCalculate(0, 100000000L);

        Long sum = pool.invoke(task);
        System.out.println(sum);

        Instant end = Instant.now();
        System.out.println(Duration.between(start, end).getNano());
    }

    /**
     * 普通 for循环
     */
    @Test
    public void test02(){
        Instant start = Instant.now();

        Long sum = 0L;
        for (long i = 0; i < 100000000L; i++) {
            sum += i;
        }

        Instant end = Instant.now();
        System.out.println(Duration.between(start, end).getNano());
    }
}

Java 8 并行流 / 串行流:

@Test
public void test03(){
    //串行流(单线程):切换为并行流 parallel()
    //并行流:切换为串行流 sequential()
    LongStream.rangeClosed(0, 100000000L)
        .parallel() //底层:ForkJoin
        .reduce(0, Long::sum);

}

7. Optional

**定义:**Optional 类 (java.util.Optional) 是一个容器类,代表一个值存在或不存在,原来用 null 表示一个值不存在,现在用 Optional 可以更好的表达这个概念;并且可以避免空指针异常

常用方法:

  • Optional.of(T t):创建一个 Optional 实例
  • Optional.empty(T t):创建一个空的 Optional 实例
  • Optional.ofNullable(T t):若 t 不为 null,创建 Optional 实例,否则空实例
  • isPresent():判断是否包含某值
  • orElse(T t):如果调用对象包含值,返回该值,否则返回 t
  • orElseGet(Supplier s):如果调用对象包含值,返回该值,否则返回 s 获取的值
  • map(Function f):如果有值对其处理,并返回处理后的 Optional,否则返回 Optional.empty()
  • flatmap(Function mapper):与 map 相似,要求返回值必须是 Optional
/*
 * 一、Optional 容器类:用于尽量避免空指针异常
 * 	Optional.of(T t) : 创建一个 Optional 实例
 * 	Optional.empty() : 创建一个空的 Optional 实例
 * 	Optional.ofNullable(T t):若 t 不为 null,创建 Optional 实例,否则创建空实例
 * 	isPresent() : 判断是否包含值
 * 	orElse(T t) :  如果调用对象包含值,返回该值,否则返回t
 * 	orElseGet(Supplier s) :如果调用对象包含值,返回该值,否则返回 s 获取的值
 * 	map(Function f): 如果有值对其处理,并返回处理后的Optional,否则返回 Optional.empty()
 * 	flatMap(Function mapper):与 map 类似,要求返回值必须是Optional
 */

Optional.of(T t):

@Test
public void test01(){
    Optional<Employee> op = Optional.of(new Employee());
    Employee employee = op.get();
}

Optional.empty(T t):

@Test
public void test02(){
    Optional<Employee> op = Optional.empty();
    Employee employee = op.get();
}

Optional.ofNullable(T t):

@Test
public void test03(){
    Optional<Employee> op = Optional.ofNullable(new Employee());
    Employee employee = op.get();
}

isPresent():

@Test
public void test03(){
    Optional<Employee> op = Optional.ofNullable(new Employee());
    if (op.isPresent()) {
        Employee employee = op.get();
    }
}

orElse(T t)

orElseGet(Supplier s)

	@Test
	public void test3(){
		Optional<Employee> op = Optional.ofNullable(new Employee());
		
		if(op.isPresent()){
			System.out.println(op.get());
		}
		
		Employee emp = op.orElse(new Employee("张三"));
		System.out.println(emp);
		
		Employee emp2 = op.orElseGet(() -> new Employee());
		System.out.println(emp2);
	}

map(Function f)

flatMap(Function mapper)

	@Test
	public void test4(){
		Optional<Employee> op = Optional.of(new Employee(101, "张三", 18, 9999.99));
		
		Optional<String> op2 = op.map(Employee::getName);
		System.out.println(op2.get());
		
		Optional<String> op3 = op.flatMap((e) -> Optional.of(e.getName()));
		System.out.println(op3.get());
	}

8. 接口

8.0 概念

image-20210814175509548

8.1 默认方法

public interface MyFun {

    default String getName(){
        return "libo";
    }

    default Integer getAge(){
        return 22;
    }
}

类优先原则:

image-20210814175608778

public interface MyFun {	
	default String getName(){
		return "哈哈哈";
	}
}

public class MyClass {	
	public String getName(){
		return "嘿嘿嘿";
	}
}


public class SubClass extends MyClass implements MyFun{

}

public class TestDefaultInterface {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SubClass sc = new SubClass();
		System.out.println(sc.getName());
	}

}

8.2 静态方法

public interface MyFun {

    static void getAddr(){
        System.out.println("addr");
    }

    static String Hello(){
        return "Hello World";
    }
}

9. Date / Time API

9.0 概念

9.1 安全问题

传统的日期格式化:

@Test
public void test01(){
    SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");

    Callable<Date> task = () -> sdf.parse("20200517");

    ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);

    ArrayList<Future<Date>> result = new ArrayList<>();
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        result.add(pool.submit(task));
    }

    for (Future<Date> future : result) {
        try {
            System.out.println(future.get());
        } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
    pool.shutdown();
}

报出异常

Exception in thread "main" java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: java.lang.NumberFormatException: multiple points
	at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.report(FutureTask.java:122)
	at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:192)
	at com.example.learnDataAPI.main(learnDataAPI.java:37)
Caused by: java.lang.NumberFormatException: multiple points
...

解决方法:加锁

public class DateFormatThreadLocal {
    private static final ThreadLocal<DateFormat> df = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"));

    public static Date convert(String source) throws ParseException{
        return df.get().parse(source);
    }
}

@Test
public void test02(){
    Callable<Date> task = () -> DateFormatThreadLocal.convert("20200517");

    ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);

    ArrayList<Future<Date>> result = new ArrayList<>();
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        result.add(pool.submit(task));
    }

    for (Future<Date> future : result) {
        try {
            System.out.println(future.get());
        } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    pool.shutdown();
}

DateTimeFormatter:

@Test
public void test03(){
    DateTimeFormatter dtf = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE;

    Callable<LocalDate> task = () -> LocalDate.parse("20200517",dtf);

    ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);

    ArrayList<Future<LocalDate>> result = new ArrayList<>();
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        result.add(pool.submit(task));
    }

    for (Future<LocalDate> future : result) {
        try {
            System.out.println(future.get());
        } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    pool.shutdown();
}

9.2 本地时间 / 日期

ISO 标准:

image-20210814175849996

常用方法:

image-20210814175927344

方法名返回值类型解释
now( )static LocalDateTime从默认时区的系统时钟获取当前日期
of(int year, int month, int dayOfMonth, int hour, int minute, int second)static LocalDateTime从年,月,日,小时,分钟和秒获得 LocalDateTime的实例,将纳秒设置为零
plus(long amountToAdd, TemporalUnit unit)LocalDateTime返回此日期时间的副本,并添加指定的数量
get(TemporalField field)int从此日期时间获取指定字段的值为 int
@Test
public void test01(){
    //获取当前时间日期 now
    LocalDateTime ldt1 = LocalDateTime.now();
    System.out.println(ldt1);

    //指定时间日期 of
    LocalDateTime ldt2 = LocalDateTime.of(2020, 05, 17, 16, 24, 33);
    System.out.println(ldt2);

    //加 plus
    LocalDateTime ldt3 = ldt2.plusYears(2);
    System.out.println(ldt3);

    //减 minus
    LocalDateTime ldt4 = ldt2.minusMonths(3);
    System.out.println(ldt4);

    //获取指定的你年月日时分秒... get
    System.out.println(ldt2.getDayOfYear());
    System.out.println(ldt2.getHour());
    System.out.println(ldt2.getSecond());
}

LocalDate / LocalTime 不再一一例举…

9.3 时间戳

Instant:以 Unix 元年 1970-01-01 00:00:00 到某个时间之间的毫秒值

@Test:

@Test
public void test02(){
    // 默认获取 UTC 时区 (UTC:世界协调时间)
    Instant ins1 = Instant.now();
    System.out.println(ins1);

    //带偏移量的时间日期 (如:UTC + 8)
    OffsetDateTime odt1 = ins1.atOffset(ZoneOffset.ofHours(8));
    System.out.println(odt1);

    //转换成对应的毫秒值
    long milli1 = ins1.toEpochMilli();
    System.out.println(milli1);

    //构建时间戳
    Instant ins2 = Instant.ofEpochSecond(60);
    System.out.println(ins2);
}

9.4 时间 / 日期 差

  • Duration:计算两个时间之间的间隔
  • Period:计算两个日期之间的间隔

@Test:

@Test
public void test03(){
    //计算两个时间之间的间隔 between
    Instant ins1 = Instant.now();
    try {
        Thread.sleep(1000);
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    Instant ins2 = Instant.now();
    Duration dura1 = Duration.between(ins1, ins2);
    System.out.println(dura1.getSeconds());
    System.out.println(dura1.toMillis());
}

@Test
public void test04(){
    LocalDate ld1 = LocalDate.of(2016, 9, 1);
    LocalDate ld2 = LocalDate.now();
    Period period = Period.between(ld1, ld2);  // ISO 标准
    System.out.println(period.getYears());
    System.out.println(period.toTotalMonths());
}

9.5 时间校正器

操纵日期:

image-20210814180121846

@Test:

@Test
public void test01(){
    //TemporalAdjusters:时间校正器
    LocalDateTime ldt1 = LocalDateTime.now();
    System.out.println(ldt1);

    //指定日期时间中的 年 月 日 ...
    LocalDateTime ldt2 = ldt1.withDayOfMonth(10);
    System.out.println(ldt2);

    //指定时间校正器
    LocalDateTime ldt3 = ldt1.with(TemporalAdjusters.next(DayOfWeek.SUNDAY));
    System.out.println(ldt3);

    //自定义时间校正器
    LocalDateTime ldt5 = ldt1.with((ta) -> {
        LocalDateTime ldt4 = (LocalDateTime) ta;
        DayOfWeek dow1 = ldt4.getDayOfWeek();
        if (dow1.equals(DayOfWeek.FRIDAY)) {
            return ldt4.plusDays(3);
        } else if (dow1.equals(DayOfWeek.SATURDAY)) {
            return ldt4.plusDays(2);
        } else {
            return ldt4.plusDays(1);
        }
    });
    System.out.println(ldt5);
}

9.6 格式化

image-20210814180144475
  • DateTimeFormatter:格式化时间 / 日期
@Test
public void test01(){
    //默认格式化
    DateTimeFormatter dtf1 = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE_TIME;
    LocalDateTime ldt1 = LocalDateTime.now();
    String str1 = ldt1.format(dtf1);
    System.out.println(str1);

    //自定义格式化 ofPattern
    DateTimeFormatter dtf2 = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
    LocalDateTime ldt2 = LocalDateTime.now();
    String str2 = ldt2.format(dtf2);
    System.out.println(str2);

    //解析
    LocalDateTime newDate = ldt1.parse(str1, dtf1);
    System.out.println(newDate);
}

9.7 时区

image-20210814180208623

image-20210814180241344

  • ZonedDate
  • ZonedTime
  • ZonedDateTime

@Test:

@Test
public void test02(){
    //查看支持的时区
    Set<String> set = ZoneId.getAvailableZoneIds();
    set.forEach(System.out::println);

    //指定时区
    LocalDateTime ldt1 = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Europe/Tallinn"));
    System.out.println(ldt1);

    //在已构建好的日期时间上指定时区
    LocalDateTime ldt2 = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Europe/Tallinn"));
    ZonedDateTime zdt1 = ldt2.atZone(ZoneId.of("Europe/Tallinn"));
    System.out.println(zdt1);
}

一些转换:

@Test
public void test03(){
	// Date 转 LocalDateTime 
	Date date = new Date();
    Instant instant = date.toInstant();
    ZoneId zoneId = ZoneId.systemDefault();
    LocalDateTime localDateTime = instant.atZone(zoneId).toLocalDateTime();

	// LocalDateTime 转 Date
	LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
	ZoneId zoneId = ZoneId.systemDefault();
    ZonedDateTime zdt = localDateTime.atZone(zoneId);
    Date date = Date.from(zdt.toInstant());
	
	// 原则:利用 时间戳Instant
}

10. 注解

10.0 概念

image-20210814175322624

10.1 重复注解

定义注解:

@Repeatable(MyAnnotations.class) //指定容器类
@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD,  ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface MyAnnotation {

    String value() default "Java 8";
}

定义容器:

@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD,  ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface MyAnnotations {

    MyAnnotation[] value();
}

@Test:

public class Test01 {

    //重复注解
    @Test
    @MyAnnotation("Hello")
    @MyAnnotation("World")
    public void test01() throws NoSuchMethodException {
        Class<Test01> clazz = Test01.class;
        Method test01 = clazz.getMethod("test01");
        MyAnnotation[] mas = test01.getAnnotationsByType(MyAnnotation.class);
        for (MyAnnotation ma : mas) {
            System.out.println(ma.value());
        }
    }
}

10.2 类型注解

Java 8 新增注解:新增ElementType.TYPE_USE 和ElementType.TYPE_PARAMETER(在Target上)

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