记录一下代码启动的过程：
研究具体代码之前，先了解其中的几个概念
概念一，gd结构体 global_data
为什么要有gd结构体及其作用。
概念二，u-boot代码的分段
主要是分为两段，前段和后段，这个对具体的代码行为会有不同的影响。
对于stm32来说，程序镜像都会存放在起始地址为0x08000000的flash中，其中地址0x08000000存放的是sp指针指向的内存值，0x08000004和之后的一段内存存放的中断向量表，对于Cortex-M7内核来说，中断一共支持256个。
在源码 arch\arm\lib\vectors_m.S中有相关的程序设置。
.section .vectors
ENTRY(_start)
.long CONFIG_SYS_INIT_SP_ADDR @ 0 - Reset stack pointer
.long reset @ 1 - Reset
.long __invalid_entry @ 2 - NMI
.long __hard_fault_entry @ 3 - HardFault
.long __mm_fault_entry @ 4 - MemManage
.long __bus_fault_entry @ 5 - BusFault
.long __usage_fault_entry @ 6 - UsageFault
.long __invalid_entry @ 7 - Reserved
.long __invalid_entry @ 8 - Reserved
.long __invalid_entry @ 9 - Reserved
.long __invalid_entry @ 10 - Reserved
.long __invalid_entry @ 11 - SVCall
.long __invalid_entry @ 12 - Debug Monitor
.long __invalid_entry @ 13 - Reserved
.long __invalid_entry @ 14 - PendSV
.long __invalid_entry @ 15 - SysTick
.rept 255 - 16
.long __invalid_entry @ 16..255 - External Interrupts
.endr
代码开头的 .section .vectors表明了这一段程序位于 .vectors段，在链接脚本中，该段被放在程序镜像的初始位置，上电复位的时候会先初始化sp，产生复位中断，执行复位中断函数reset，函数代码在文件 arm\cpu\armv7m\start.S中
.globl reset
.type reset, %function
reset:
W(b) _main
连接脚本中 start.S 中的数据段在向量段之后，可以看出复位中断函数比较简单，直接跳转到了_main 函数， _main 函数做了什么事情呢？
_main 函数在文件 arch\arm\lib\crt0.S中定义，这里做了整个u-boot的初始化工作，下面重点研究该部分。
#if defined(CONFIG_SPL_BUILD) && defined(CONFIG_SPL_STACK)
ldr r0, =(CONFIG_SPL_STACK)
#else
ldr r0, =(CONFIG_SYS_INIT_SP_ADDR)
#endif
bic r0, r0, #7 /* 8-byte alignment for ABI compliance */
mov sp, r0
/ * 前面代码对sp指针做8字节对齐操作* /
bl board_init_f_alloc_reserve
mov sp, r0
/* set up gd here, outside any C code */
mov r9, r0
bl board_init_f_init_reserve
mov r0, #0
bl board_init_f
#if ! defined(CONFIG_SPL_BUILD)
/*
* Set up intermediate environment (new sp and gd) and call
* relocate_code(addr_moni). Trick here is that we'll return
* 'here' but relocated.
*/
ldr r0, [r9, #GD_START_ADDR_SP] /* sp = gd->start_addr_sp */
bic r0, r0, #7 /* 8-byte alignment for ABI compliance */
mov sp, r0
ldr r9, [r9, #GD_BD] /* r9 = gd->bd */
sub r9, r9, #GD_SIZE /* new GD is below bd */
adr lr, here
ldr r0, [r9, #GD_RELOC_OFF] /* r0 = gd->reloc_off */
add lr, lr, r0
#if defined(CONFIG_CPU_V7M)
orr lr, #1 /* As required by Thumb-only */
#endif
ldr r0, [r9, #GD_RELOCADDR] /* r0 = gd->relocaddr */
b relocate_code
here:
/*
* now relocate vectors
*/
bl relocate_vectors
/* Set up final (full) environment */
bl c_runtime_cpu_setup /* we still call old routine here */
#endif
#if !defined(CONFIG_SPL_BUILD) || defined(CONFIG_SPL_FRAMEWORK)
# ifdef CONFIG_SPL_BUILD
/* Use a DRAM stack for the rest of SPL, if requested */
bl spl_relocate_stack_gd
cmp r0, #0
movne sp, r0
movne r9, r0
# endif
ldr r0, =__bss_start /* this is auto-relocated! */
#ifdef CONFIG_USE_ARCH_MEMSET
ldr r3, =__bss_end /* this is auto-relocated! */
mov r1, #0x00000000 /* prepare zero to clear BSS */
subs r2, r3, r0 /* r2 = memset len */
bl memset
#else
ldr r1, =__bss_end /* this is auto-relocated! */
mov r2, #0x00000000 /* prepare zero to clear BSS */
clbss_l:cmp r0, r1 /* while not at end of BSS */
#if defined(CONFIG_CPU_V7M)
itt lo
#endif
strlo r2, [r0] /* clear 32-bit BSS word */
addlo r0, r0, #4 /* move to next */
blo clbss_l
#endif
#if ! defined(CONFIG_SPL_BUILD)
bl coloured_LED_init
bl red_led_on
#endif
/* call board_init_r(gd_t *id, ulong dest_addr) */
mov r0, r9 /* gd_t */
ldr r1, [r9, #GD_RELOCADDR] /* dest_addr */
/* call board_init_r */
#if CONFIG_IS_ENABLED(SYS_THUMB_BUILD)
ldr lr, =board_init_r /* this is auto-relocated! */
bx lr
#else
ldr pc, =board_init_r /* this is auto-relocated! */
#endif
/* we should not return here. */
#endif
ENDPROC(_main)
ulong board_init_f_alloc_reserve(ulong top)
{
/* Reserve early malloc arena */
#if CONFIG_VAL(SYS_MALLOC_F_LEN)
top -= CONFIG_VAL(SYS_MALLOC_F_LEN);
#endif
/* LAST : reserve GD (rounded up to a multiple of 16 bytes) */
top = rounddown(top-sizeof(struct global_data), 16);
return top;
}
void board_init_f_init_reserve(ulong base)
{
struct global_data *gd_ptr;
/*
* clear GD entirely and set it up.
* Use gd_ptr, as gd may not be properly set yet.
*/
gd_ptr = (struct global_data *)base;
/* zero the area */
memset(gd_ptr, '\0', sizeof(*gd));
/* set GD unless architecture did it already */
#if !defined(CONFIG_ARM)
arch_setup_gd(gd_ptr);
#endif
/* next alloc will be higher by one GD plus 16-byte alignment */
base += roundup(sizeof(struct global_data), 16);
/*
* record early malloc arena start.
* Use gd as it is now properly set for all architectures.
*/
#if CONFIG_VAL(SYS_MALLOC_F_LEN)
/* go down one 'early malloc arena' */
gd->malloc_base = base;
/* next alloc will be higher by one 'early malloc arena' size */
base += CONFIG_VAL(SYS_MALLOC_F_LEN);
#endif
}
经过上面的函数执行之后，堆栈内存分配如下
初始化之后，r9中存放的是gd的地址，gd->malloc_base中存放的是内存区的基地址，该内存主要用于u-boot前段设备的资源申请。
void board_init_f(ulong boot_flags)
{
gd->flags = boot_flags;
gd->have_console = 0;
if (initcall_run_list(init_sequence_f))
hang();
#if !defined(CONFIG_ARM) && !defined(CONFIG_SANDBOX) && \
!defined(CONFIG_EFI_APP) && !CONFIG_IS_ENABLED(X86_64)
/* NOTREACHED - jump_to_copy() does not return */
hang();
#endif
}
该函数比较简单，主要的作用就是分别执行一个函数数组中的每个函数，重点分析该函数数组中的函数成员。
该数组定义在文件 common\board_f.c 中
static const init_fnc_t init_sequence_f[] = {
setup_mon_len,//获取镜像总大小，包括bss段
#ifdef CONFIG_OF_CONTROL
fdtdec_setup,//获取设备树的存放地址
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE
trace_early_init,
#endif
initf_malloc,//初始化前段内存相关函数
initf_bootstage, /* uses its own timer, so does not need DM */
initf_console_record,
#if defined(CONFIG_HAVE_FSP)
arch_fsp_init,
#endif
arch_cpu_init,//配置MPU，设置sdram区可执行代码
mach_cpu_init,
initf_dm,//初始化u-boot的设备模型
arch_cpu_init_dm,
#if defined(CONFIG_BOARD_EARLY_INIT_F)
board_early_init_f,
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_PPC) || defined(CONFIG_SYS_FSL_CLK) || defined(CONFIG_M68K)
/* get CPU and bus clocks according to the environment variable */
get_clocks, /* get CPU and bus clocks (etc.) */
#endif
#if !defined(CONFIG_M68K)
timer_init, /* initialize timer */
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_BOARD_POSTCLK_INIT)
board_postclk_init,
#endif
env_init, /* initialize environment */
init_baud_rate, /* initialze baudrate settings */
serial_init, /* serial communications setup */
console_init_f, /* stage 1 init of console */
display_options, /* say that we are here */
display_text_info, /* show debugging info if required */
#if defined(CONFIG_PPC) || defined(CONFIG_M68K) || defined(CONFIG_SH) || \
defined(CONFIG_X86)
checkcpu,
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_DISPLAY_CPUINFO)
print_cpuinfo, /* display cpu info (and speed) */
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_DTB_RESELECT)
embedded_dtb_select,
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_DISPLAY_BOARDINFO)
show_board_info,
#endif
INIT_FUNC_WATCHDOG_INIT
#if defined(CONFIG_MISC_INIT_F)
misc_init_f,
#endif
INIT_FUNC_WATCHDOG_RESET
#if defined(CONFIG_SYS_I2C)
init_func_i2c,
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_HARD_SPI)
init_func_spi,
#endif
announce_dram_init,
dram_init, /* configure available RAM banks */
#ifdef CONFIG_POST
post_init_f,
#endif
INIT_FUNC_WATCHDOG_RESET
#if defined(CONFIG_SYS_DRAM_TEST)
testdram,
#endif /* CONFIG_SYS_DRAM_TEST */
INIT_FUNC_WATCHDOG_RESET
#ifdef CONFIG_POST
init_post,
#endif
INIT_FUNC_WATCHDOG_RESET
/*
* Now that we have DRAM mapped and working, we can
* relocate the code and continue running from DRAM.
*
* Reserve memory at end of RAM for (top down in that order):
* - area that won't get touched by U-Boot and Linux (optional)
* - kernel log buffer
* - protected RAM
* - LCD framebuffer
* - monitor code
* - board info struct
*/
setup_dest_addr,
#if defined(CONFIG_LOGBUFFER)
reserve_logbuffer,
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PRAM
reserve_pram,
#endif
reserve_round_4k,
#ifdef CONFIG_ARM
reserve_mmu,
#endif
reserve_video,
reserve_trace,
reserve_uboot,
reserve_malloc,
reserve_board,
setup_machine,
reserve_global_data,
reserve_fdt,
reserve_bootstage,
reserve_arch,
reserve_stacks,
dram_init_banksize,
show_dram_config,
#if defined(CONFIG_M68K) || defined(CONFIG_MIPS) || defined(CONFIG_PPC) || \
defined(CONFIG_SH)
setup_board_part1,
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_PPC) || defined(CONFIG_M68K)
INIT_FUNC_WATCHDOG_RESET
setup_board_part2,
#endif
display_new_sp,
#ifdef CONFIG_OF_BOARD_FIXUP
fix_fdt,
#endif
INIT_FUNC_WATCHDOG_RESET
reloc_fdt,
reloc_bootstage,
setup_reloc,
#if defined(CONFIG_X86) || defined(CONFIG_ARC)
copy_uboot_to_ram,
do_elf_reloc_fixups,
clear_bss,
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_XTENSA)
clear_bss,
#endif
#if !defined(CONFIG_ARM) && !defined(CONFIG_SANDBOX) && \
!CONFIG_IS_ENABLED(X86_64)
jump_to_copy,
#endif
NULL,
};
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