scala 有一个十分强大的模式匹配机制, 可以应用在很多场合中, switch语句、 类型查询 , 以及 “析构”(获取复杂表达式中的不同部分)。 除此之外, scala 还提供了样例类, 对模式匹配进行了优化。
更好的switch
类似 C 风格的switch语法, 与default等效的是以 case _ 捕获所有情况, 若未进行 case _ 处理,在未能进行匹配到的情况下会抛出 MatchError异常。与switch不同的是你再也不用在每个分支后面添加一个break,以免掉入下一个分支
scala> val func = (x:Int, y:Int, option:Char) => {
| option match {
| case '+' => x+y
| case '-' => x-y
| case '*' => x*y
| case '/' => x/y
| case _ => "unknow option"
| }
| }
func: (Int, Int, Char) => Any = $$Lambda$1075/2124448375@6401d0a0
scala> func(10, 20, '+')
res0: Any = 30
守卫
在一些情况下,我们可能希望match 像switch一样可以在匹配到特定的几个值的时候,处理同一个方法, 不用像在 match 中重复调用多次相同的代码等, 这时候我们可以为模式 添加一个守卫,该守卫可以处理更多的可能情况, 十分强大。
守卫可以是任意Boolean条件。
scala> val func = (x:Int) => {
| x match {
| case 1 =>
| println("x = 1")
| case 2 =>
| println("x = 2")
| case _ if (x>2 && x<5) =>
| println("x range (2, 5)")
| case _ =>
| println("x >= 5")
| }
| }
func: Int => Unit = $$Lambda$1095/1939970407@5e746d37
scala> func(3)
x range (2, 5)
模式中的变量
如果case后面跟着是一个变量名,那么匹配的表达式会赋值给那个变量。
注意: 变量模式可能会与常量表达式有冲突, 那么scala 是如何判断常量和变量呢? 默认命名规则是 变量必须是小写字母开头; 如果你有一个小写字母的常量,则需要将它包含在反引号中。
scala> val month = 10
month: Int = 10
scala> val func = (x:Int) => {
| x match {
| case 1 =>
| println("x = 1")
| case `month` =>
| println("x = %d".format(month))
| case v if (v>2 && v<5) =>
| println("x range (2, 5)")
| case _ =>
| println("x >= 5")
| }
| }
func: Int => Unit = $$Lambda$1238/1843885967@367d34c0
scala> func(3)
x range (2, 5)
scala> func(10)
x = 10
scala> func(11)
x >= 5
for 表达式中的模式
在for推导式中,失败的匹配将被安静的忽略
scala> val options = Map(1 -> "cpp", 2->"scala", 3-> "java", 4-> "scala")
options: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> cpp, 2 -> scala, 3 -> java, 4 -> scala)
scala> for ((k, "scala") <- options){
| println("key = %d".format(k))
| }
key = 2
key = 4
类型模式
在scala 中进行类型判断时, 更倾向于使用模式匹配,而不是 isInstanceOf 操作符
scala> val func = (obj:Any) => {
| obj match {
| case x: Int =>
| println("Int x = %d".format(x))
| case s: String =>
| println("String s = %s".format(s))
| case _ =>
| println("unknow obj ...")
| }
| }
func: Any => Unit = $$Lambda$1249/1483228092@17134190
scala> func(10)
Int x = 10
scala> func("10")
String s = 10
匹配数组、列表和元组
匹配符合一定条件的数组、列表或元组, 如下样例:
数组
scala> val func = (arr: Array[Int]) => {
| arr match {
| case Array(0, y) =>
| println("Int y = %d".format(y))
| case Array(x, 0) =>
| println("Int x = %d".format(x))
| case Array(1, _*) => // 匹配以1开始的数组
| println("array (1 ...)")
| case _ =>
| println("other")
| }
| }
func: Array[Int] => Unit = $$Lambda$1342/341315292@3f2a7ca0
scala> func(Array(0,10))
Int y = 10
scala> func(Array(12,0))
Int x = 12
scala> func(Array(1,0,1))
array (1 ...)
列表
scala> val func = (lst: List[Int]) => {
| lst match {
| case 0::Nil =>
| println("list(0)")
| case 1::y::Nil =>
| println(y)
| case 2::tail =>
| println(tail)
| case _ =>
| println("other")
| }
| }
func: List[Int] => Unit = $$Lambda$1390/1363130483@2a4a95c4
scala> func(0::Nil)
list(0)
scala> func(1::3::Nil)
3
scala> func(2::3::4::Nil)
List(3, 4)
元组
scala> (0, 1) match {
| case (0, _) =>
| println("0 ...")
| case (_, 0) =>
| println("... 0")
| case _ =>
| println("neither is 0")
| }
0 ...
提取器
看到上面模式对数组、列表、元组的匹配,那么它是如何进行匹配的呢? 这些功能的背后是提取器(extractor)机制 – 带有从对象中提取值的 unapply或unapplySeq方法 的对象。
- unapply方法用于提取固定数量的对象;
// tuple2 的源码
final case class Tuple2[@specialized(Int, Long, Double, Char, Boolean/*, AnyRef*/) +T1, @specialized(Int, Long, Double, Char, Boolean/*, AnyRef*/) +T2](_1: T1, _2: T2)
extends Product2[T1, T2]
{
override def toString() = "(" + _1 + "," + _2 + ")"
/** Swaps the elements of this `Tuple`.
* @return a new Tuple where the first element is the second element of this Tuple and the
* second element is the first element of this Tuple.
*/
def swap: Tuple2[T2,T1] = Tuple2(_2, _1)
}
object Product2 {
def unapply[T1, T2](x: Product2[T1, T2]): Option[Product2[T1, T2]] =
Some(x)
}
- unapplySeq方法用于提取一个序列;
// list 源码
object List extends SeqFactory[List]{
...
}
/** A template for companion objects of Seq and subclasses thereof.
*
* @since 2.8
*/
abstract class SeqFactory[CC[X] <: Seq[X] with GenericTraversableTemplate[X, CC]]
extends GenSeqFactory[CC] with TraversableFactory[CC] {
/** This method is called in a pattern match { case Seq(...) => }.
*
* @param x the selector value
* @return sequence wrapped in an option, if this is a Seq, otherwise none
*/
def unapplySeq[A](x: CC[A]): Some[CC[A]] = Some(x)
}
自定义一个Postion实现提取函数:
class Position(val x:Int , val y: Int){
}
object Position{
def apply(x: Int, y: Int): Position = new Position(x, y)
// unapply 和 apply 恰恰相反 unapply接受参数是 Position对象, apply 接受的是初始化成员变量
def unapply(arg: Position): Option[(Int, Int)] = Some((arg.x,arg.y))
}
object Test {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
val A = Position(10, 20)
A match {
case Position(x, y) =>
println("x = %s, y = %s ".format(x,y))
case _ =>
println("can't match! ")
}
}
}
// output: x = 10, y =20
正则表达式是另一个使用提取器的场景, 例如:
scala> val ipMatch = "([0-9]+).([0-9]+).([0-9]+).([0-9]+)".r
ipMatch: scala.util.matching.Regex = ([0-9]+).([0-9]+).([0-9]+).([0-9]+)
scala>
scala> "192.186.1.10" match {
| case ipMatch(v1, v2, v3, v4) =>
| println("%s:%s:%s:%s".format(v1, v2, v3, v4))
| case _ =>
| println("不能识别 ip 地址")
| }
192:186:1:10
Regix 源码中定义的 unapplySeq
/** Tries to match a [[java.lang.CharSequence]].
*
* If the match succeeds, the result is a list of the matching
* groups (or a `null` element if a group did not match any input).
* If the pattern specifies no groups, then the result will be an empty list
* on a successful match.
*
* This method attempts to match the entire input by default; to find the next
* matching subsequence, use an unanchored `Regex`.
*
* For example:
*
* {{{
* val p1 = "ab*c".r
* val p1Matches = "abbbc" match {
* case p1() => true // no groups
* case _ => false
* }
* val p2 = "a(b*)c".r
* val p2Matches = "abbbc" match {
* case p2(_*) => true // any groups
* case _ => false
* }
* val numberOfB = "abbbc" match {
* case p2(b) => Some(b.length) // one group
* case _ => None
* }
* val p3 = "b*".r.unanchored
* val p3Matches = "abbbc" match {
* case p3() => true // find the b's
* case _ => false
* }
* val p4 = "a(b*)(c+)".r
* val p4Matches = "abbbcc" match {
* case p4(_*) => true // multiple groups
* case _ => false
* }
* val allGroups = "abbbcc" match {
* case p4(all @ _*) => all mkString "/" // "bbb/cc"
* case _ => ""
* }
* val cGroup = "abbbcc" match {
* case p4(_, c) => c
* case _ => ""
* }
* }}}
*
* @param s The string to match
* @return The matches
*/
def unapplySeq(s: CharSequence): Option[List[String]] = s match {
case null => None
case _ =>
val m = pattern matcher s
if (runMatcher(m)) Some((1 to m.groupCount).toList map m.group)
else None
}
模拟枚举
注意: 超类被声明为 sealed, 让编译器可以帮我们检查match 语法的完整性。 枚举实现主要依赖样例类
scala> sealed abstract class Color
defined class Color
scala> case object Red extends Color
defined object Red
scala> case object Green extends Color
defined object Green
scala> case object Yellow extends Color
defined object Yellow
scala> val color:Color = Green
color: Color = Green
scala> color match {
| case Red =>
| println("红色")
| case Green =>
| println("蓝色")
| case Yellow =>
| println("黄色")
| case _ =>
| println("other")
| }
蓝色
Option 类型
scala 标准库中的 Option类型用样例类来表示那种可能存在、也可能不存在的值。 它有两种表达形式:
- Some(x) 的形式, 其中x 为实际值;
- None 对象, 代表缺失的值;
例如: Scala的 Map 的get 方法会在查找到key 的情况下返回 Some(value), 在没有找到key的时候返回None。
scala> val options = Map(1 -> "cpp", 2->"scala", 3-> "java")
options: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> cpp, 2 -> scala, 3 -> java)
scala> val func = (key :Int) => {
| options.get(key) match {
| case Some(v) =>
| println("value = " + v)
| case _ =>
| println("key not exist")
| }
| }
func: Int => Unit = $$Lambda$1349/71599579@1f6f0fe2
scala> func(3)
value = java
scala> func(12)
key not exist