【数据结构】栈的应用:括号匹配

STL实现

通过应用STL中的stack实现:

应用介绍:

.pop 弹出栈顶元素
.top() 返回栈顶元素
.empty() 询问栈是否为空
.push() 向栈顶插入一个元素

#include<iostream>
#include<stack>
using namespace std;
stack<char> A;//STL  栈
bool bracketMatching(char* paraString, int paraLength)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < paraLength; i++)
    {
        if (paraString[i] == '(' || paraString[i] == '[' || paraString[i] == '{')
        {
            A.push(paraString[i]);//左括号就入栈 push
        }
        else if (paraString[i] != '('&& paraString[i] != '['&&paraString[i] !='{' && paraString[i] != ')' && paraString[i] != ']' && paraString[i] != '}')
        {
            continue;//不是括号就跳过
        }
        else
        {
            if (A.empty())//如果是右括号,而此时栈为空
            {
                //说明括号不匹配,返回0
                return 0;
            }
            else if (paraString[i] == ')' && A.top() != '(')//如果是右括号,并且没有与之匹配的左括号在栈顶
            {
                //说明括号也不匹配,返回0
                return 0;
            }
            else if (paraString[i] == '}' && A.top() != '{')
            {
                //说明括号也不匹配,返回0
                return 0;
            }
            else if (paraString[i] == ']' && A.top() != '[')
            {

                return 0;
            }
            else//能匹配,一但左括号被匹配,就出栈。 
                A.pop();
        }

    }
    //最后看栈是否为空:
    if (A.empty())//所有都应该被匹配了,最后栈应该为空
        return 1;//为空说明所有都能匹配,输出1
    else
        return 0;//不为空说明还有括号没有被匹配,输出0
}
void bracketMatchingTest()
{
    char* tempExpression = "[2 + (1 - 3)] * 4";
    bool tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 17);
    printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);


    tempExpression = "( )  )";
    tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 6);
    printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);

    tempExpression = "()()(())";
    tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 8);
    printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);

    tempExpression = "({}[])";
    tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 6);
    printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);


    tempExpression = ")(";
    tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 2);
    printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);
}// Of bracketMatchingTest

/**
 The entrance.
 */
int main()
{
    // pushPopTest();
    bracketMatchingTest();
}// Of main

在这里插入图片描述

线性表实现

#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>

#define STACK_MAX_SIZE 10

/**
 * Linear stack of integers. The key is data.
 */
typedef struct CharStack 
{
	int top;
	int data[STACK_MAX_SIZE]; //The maximum length is fixed.
} *CharStackPtr;

/**
 * Output the stack.
 */
void outputStack(CharStackPtr paraStack) 
{
	for (int i = 0; i <= paraStack->top; i++)
	 {
		printf("%c ", paraStack->data[i]);
	}// Of for i
	printf("\r\n");
}// Of outputStack

/**
 * Initialize an empty char stack. No error checking for this function.
 * @param paraStackPtr The pointer to the stack. It must be a pointer to change the stack.
 * @param paraValues An int array storing all elements.
 */
CharStackPtr charStackInit() 
{
	CharStackPtr resultPtr = (CharStackPtr)malloc(sizeof(struct CharStack));
	resultPtr->top = -1;

	return resultPtr;
}//Of charStackInit

/**
 * Push an element to the stack.
 * @param paraValue The value to be pushed.
 */
void push(CharStackPtr paraStackPtr, int paraValue) 
{
	// Step 1. Space check.
	if (paraStackPtr->top >= STACK_MAX_SIZE - 1) 
	{
		printf("Cannot push element: stack full.\r\n");
		return;
	}//Of if

	// Step 2. Update the top.
	paraStackPtr->top++;

	// Step 3. Push element.
	paraStackPtr->data[paraStackPtr->top] = paraValue;
}// Of push

/**
 * Pop an element from the stack.
 * @return The popped value.
 */
char pop(CharStackPtr paraStackPtr) 
{
	// Step 1. Space check.
	if (paraStackPtr->top < 0) 
	{
		printf("Cannot pop element: stack empty.\r\n");
		return '\0';
	}//Of if

	// Step 2. Update the top.
	paraStackPtr->top--;

	// Step 3. Push element.
	return paraStackPtr->data[paraStackPtr->top + 1];
}// Of pop

/**
 * Test the push function.
 */
void pushPopTest() 
{
	printf("---- pushPopTest begins. ----\r\n");
	char ch;

	// Initialize.
	CharStackPtr tempStack = charStackInit();
	printf("After initialization, the stack is: ");
	outputStack(tempStack);

	// Pop.
	for (ch = 'a'; ch < 'm'; ch++) 
	{
		printf("Pushing %c.\r\n", ch);
		push(tempStack, ch);
		outputStack(tempStack);
	}//Of for i

	// Pop.
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) 
	{
		ch = pop(tempStack);
		printf("Pop %c.\r\n", ch);
		outputStack(tempStack);
	}//Of for i

	printf("---- pushPopTest ends. ----\r\n");
}// Of pushPopTest

/**
 * Is the bracket matching?
 *
 * @param paraString The given expression.
 * @return Match or not.
 */
bool bracketMatching(char* paraString, int paraLength) 
{
	// Step 1. Initialize the stack through pushing a '#' at the bottom.
	CharStackPtr tempStack = charStackInit();
	push(tempStack, '#');
	char tempChar, tempPopedChar;

	// Step 2. Process the string.
	for (int i = 0; i < paraLength; i++) 
	{
		tempChar = paraString[i];

		switch (tempChar) 
		{
		case '(':
		case '[':
		case '{':
			push(tempStack, tempChar);
			break;
		case ')':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '(') 
			{
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		case ']':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '[') 
			{
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		case '}':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '{')
			 {
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		default:
			// Do nothing.
			break;
		}// Of switch
	} // Of for i

	tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
	if (tempPopedChar != '#') 
	{
		return false;
	} // Of if

	return true;
}// Of bracketMatching

/**
 * Unit test.
 */
void bracketMatchingTest() 
{
	char* tempExpression = "[2 + (1 - 3)] * 4";
	bool tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 17);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);


	tempExpression = "( )  )";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 6);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);

	tempExpression = "()()(())";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 8);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);

	tempExpression = "({}[])";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 6);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);


	tempExpression = ")(";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 2);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);
}// Of bracketMatchingTest

/**
 The entrance.
 */
int main() 
{
	// pushPopTest();
	bracketMatchingTest();
}// Of main

在这里插入图片描述

分析

输出栈中的元素
void outputStack(CharStackPtr paraStack) 
{
	for (int i = 0; i <= paraStack->top; i++) 
	{
		printf("%c ", paraStack->data[i]);
	}// Of for i
	printf("\r\n");
}// Of outputStack

初始化栈
CharStackPtr charStackInit()
 {
	CharStackPtr resultPtr = (CharStackPtr)malloc(sizeof(struct CharStack));
	resultPtr->top = -1;

	return resultPtr;
}//Of charStackInit

用malloc为栈分配一块空间,并将栈顶指向为-1
在这里插入图片描述

入栈
void push(CharStackPtr paraStackPtr, int paraValue) 
{
	// Step 1. Space check.
	if (paraStackPtr->top >= STACK_MAX_SIZE - 1) 
	{
		printf("Cannot push element: stack full.\r\n");
		return;
	}//Of if

	// Step 2. Update the top.
	paraStackPtr->top++;

	// Step 3. Push element.
	paraStackPtr->data[paraStackPtr->top] = paraValue;
}// Of push

如果栈顶所指向的位置大于了栈的大小,则栈溢出
否则就将栈顶的位置+1,再赋值

出栈
char pop(CharStackPtr paraStackPtr) 
{
	// Step 1. Space check.
	if (paraStackPtr->top < 0) 
	{
		printf("Cannot pop element: stack empty.\r\n");
		return '\0';
	}//Of if

	// Step 2. Update the top.
	paraStackPtr->top--;

	// Step 3. Push element.
	return paraStackPtr->data[paraStackPtr->top + 1];
}// Of pop

如果栈所指向的位置小于0,即为-1时,说明栈空,无法弹出了
出栈就是将栈顶的位置-1,返回操作之后栈顶元素的值

匹配

bool bracketMatching(char* paraString, int paraLength)
 {
	// Step 1. Initialize the stack through pushing a '#' at the bottom.
	CharStackPtr tempStack = charStackInit();
	push(tempStack, '#');
	char tempChar, tempPopedChar;

	// Step 2. Process the string.
	for (int i = 0; i < paraLength; i++)
	 {
		tempChar = paraString[i];

		switch (tempChar) {
		case '(':
		case '[':
		case '{':
			push(tempStack, tempChar);
			break;
		case ')':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '(') {
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		case ']':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '[') {
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		case '}':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '{') {
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		default:
			// Do nothing.
			break;
		}// Of switch
	} // Of for i

	tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
	
	if (tempPopedChar != '#') {
		return false;
	} // Of if

	return true;
}// Of bracketMatching

在栈底-1的位置存入‘#’,代表栈空

  1. 如果为左括号,就入栈;
  2. 如果为右括号,就拿出栈顶元素与之比较,如果不能与之匹配,就说明不能整个公式或括号字符串不能完成括号匹配。
  3. 最后如果栈不为空,说明还有未被匹配的括号,即tempPopedChar != '#',就说明不能匹配

心得

注意栈的特点,先入的被压在底部,先入后出,后入先出
而括号匹配问题恰好能够运用这一特点。

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