【Cherno的OpenGL视频】Index buffers in OpenGL

1、one square = two triangles.

2、代码实现：

Basic.shader

#shader vertex
#version 330 core

layout(location = 0) in vec4 position;

void main()
{
	gl_Position = position;
};

#shader fragment
#version 330 core

layout(location = 0) out vec4 color;

void main()
{
	color = vec4(0.2, 0.3, 0.8, 1.0);
};

Application.cpp

#include <GL/glew.h>// 放在glfw3.h之前，或者任何OpenGL之前。
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>

// Index buffer, allows us to reuse existing vertices.
// Any index buffer has to be a unsigned type!!!(unsigned char, short, int)

struct ShaderProgramSource
{
	std::string VertexSource;
	std::string FragmentSource;
};

static ShaderProgramSource ParseShader(const std::string& filepath)
{
	enum class ShaderType
	{
		NONE = -1, VERTEX = 0, FRAGMENT = 1
	};

	std::ifstream stream(filepath);
	std::string line;
	std::stringstream ss[2];
	ShaderType type = ShaderType::NONE;

	// go through the file line-by-line.
	while (getline(stream, line))
	{
		if (line.find("#shader") != std::string::npos)
		{
			if (line.find("vertex") != std::string::npos)
			{
				// set mode to vertex.
				type = ShaderType::VERTEX;
			}
			else if (line.find("fragment") != std::string::npos)
			{
				// set mode to fragment.
				type = ShaderType::FRAGMENT;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			ss[(int)type] << line << '\n';
		}
	}
	return { ss[0].str(), ss[1].str() };
}

static unsigned int CompileShader(unsigned int type, const std::string& source)
{
	unsigned int id = glCreateShader(type);
	const char* src = source.c_str();
	glShaderSource(id, 1, &src, nullptr);
	glCompileShader(id);

	// error handling.
	int result;
	glGetShaderiv(id, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &result);
	if (result == GL_FALSE)
	{
		int length;
		glGetShaderiv(id, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
		char* message = (char*)alloca(length * sizeof(char));
		glGetShaderInfoLog(id, length, &length, message);
		std::cout << "CompileShader() Failed, " << (type == GL_VERTEX_SHADER ? "vertex" : "fragment") << " shader!" << std::endl;
		std::cout << message << std::endl;
		glDeleteShader(id);
		return 0;
	}

	return id;
}

// Creat a shader.
static unsigned int CreateShader(const std::string& vertexShader, const std::string& fragmentShader)
{
	unsigned int program = glCreateProgram();
	// create our true shader objects.
	unsigned int vs = CompileShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vertexShader);
	unsigned int fs = CompileShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, fragmentShader);
	// link vs and fs.
	glAttachShader(program, vs);
	glAttachShader(program, fs);
	// link the program.
	glLinkProgram(program);
	glValidateProgram(program);
	// delete it after linked.
	glDeleteShader(vs);
	glDeleteShader(fs);

	return program;
}

int main(void)
{
	GLFWwindow* window;

	/* Initialize the library */
	if (!glfwInit())
		return -1;

	/* Create a windowed mode window and its OpenGL context */
	window = glfwCreateWindow(640, 640, "I am Groot", NULL, NULL);
	if (!window)
	{
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}

	/* Make the window's context current */
	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);

	// after glfwMakeContextCurrent() -> Testing GLEW.
	if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK)
	{
		std::cout << "glewInit() error" << std::endl;
	}
	std::cout << glGetString(GL_VERSION) << std::endl;
	// Testing GLEW.

	// on the CPU.
	float positions[] = {
		-0.5f, -0.5f, //index0
		 0.5f, -0.5f, //index1
		 0.5f,  0.5f, //index2
		-0.5f,  0.5f, //index3
	};
	
	// on the CPU.
	unsigned int indices[] = {
		0, 1, 2,//index0 1 2
		2, 3, 0 //index2 3 0
	};

	// Define a vertex buffer: send positions to GPU.
	unsigned int buffer;
	glGenBuffers(1, &buffer);// 1 is the id for our vertex buffer object.
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer);// "select this buffer".
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 4 * 2 * sizeof(float), positions, GL_STATIC_DRAW);// copying these positions into this actual buffer.
	// enable or disable a generic vertex attribute array and tell OpenGL what layout of our buffer.
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(float) * 2, 0);

	// Define a index buffer: send indices to GPU.
	unsigned int ibo;
	glGenBuffers(1, &ibo);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ibo);
	glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 6 * sizeof(unsigned int), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

	ShaderProgramSource source = ParseShader("res/shaders/Basic.shader");
	// Use our shader.
	unsigned int shader = CreateShader(source.VertexSource, source.FragmentSource);
	glUseProgram(shader);

	/* Loop until the user closes the window */
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
	{
		/* Render here */
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

		// Use index buffer to draw a square, GL_UNSIGNED_INT:has to be an unsigned type.
		glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr);

		/* Swap front and back buffers */
		glfwSwapBuffers(window);

		/* Poll for and process events */
		glfwPollEvents();
	}

	// Clean up shader once you're done.
	glDeleteProgram(shader);//should not be glDeleteShader(shader);

	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;
}

3、【重要】 It has to be an unsigned type.
GL_UNSIGNED_INT写成GL_INT后：

4、运行效果：