Nginx基本功能及其原理，配置原理

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相关内容原文地址：

简书：joyitsai：Nginx基本功能及其原理
博客园：得你归去来：nginx 配置管理

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一、正向代理、反向代理

1. 正向代理：

   正向代理的过程，它隐藏了真实的请求客户端，服务端不知道真实的客户端是谁，客户端请求的服务都被代理服务器代替来
   请求，某些科学上网工具扮演的就是典型的正向代理角色。用浏览器访问google时，被残忍的block，于是你可以在国外搭建一台代理服务器，让代理帮我去请求google，代理把请求返回的相应结构再返回给我。

2. 反向代理：

   反向代理隐藏了真实的服务端，当我们请求ww.baidu.com 的时候，就像拨打10086一样，背后可能有成千上万台服务器为我们服务，但具体是哪一台，你不知道，也不需要知道，你只需要知道反向代理服务器是谁就好了，www.baidu.com 就是我们的反向代理服务器，反向代理服务器会帮我们把请求转发到真实的服务器那里去。Nginx就是性能非常好的反向代理服务器，用来做负载均衡。

两者的区别在于代理的对象不一样： 正向代理是为客户端代理，反向代理是为服务端代理。

nginx能实现负载均衡，什么是负载均衡呢？就是我的项目部署在不同的服务器上，但是通过统一的域名进入，nginx则对请求进行分发，减轻了服务器的压力。

在上面这两种情况下，nginx服务器的作用都只是作为分发服务器，真正的内容，我们可以放在其他的服务器上，这样来，还能起到一层安全隔壁的作用，nginx作为隔离层。

其次，nginx还能解决跨域的问题。

二、Nginx配置文件的整体结构

三、Nginx配置SSL及HTTP跳转到HTTPS

# Settings for a TLS enabled server.

# 如果是http请求默认访问80端口，此时return强行301重定向到https://www.joyitsai.com

server {

  listen 80;

  server_name www.joyitsai.com;

  return 301 https://www.joyitsai.com$request_uri;

  # 把http重定向到https使用了nginx的重定向命令，之前老版本的nginx可能使用了以下类似的格式：
  # rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.joyitsai.com/$1 permanent;
  # 或者：
  # rewrite ^ http://www.joyitsai.com$request_uri? permanent;
  # 现在nginx新版本已经换了种写法，上面这些已经不再推荐。现在网上可能还有很多文章写的是第一种。
  # 新的写法比较推荐方式是：return 301 https://www.joyitsai.com$request_uri;
}

server {

  listen 443;
  server_name www.joyitsai.com;
  root /data/release/weapp/uploadFiles;

  # 开启ssl功能
  ssl on;

  # 配置ssl证书，直接用.pem和.key文件的绝对路径

  ssl_certificate/data/release/nginx/1535530361992.pem;

  ssl_certificate_key/data/release/nginx/1535530361992.key;

  ssl_session_timeout 5m;

  ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;

  ssl_ciphers ECDHE - RSA - AES128 - GCM - SHA256: ECDHE: ECDH: AES: HIGH: !NULL: !aNULL: !MD5: !ADH: !RC4;

  ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

  location / {

     proxy_pass http://app_weapp;

     proxy_http_version 1.1;

     proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;

     proxy_set_header Connection 'upgrade';

     proxy_set_header Host $host;

     proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;

  }

  location /images/ {
    autoindex on;
  }

  # 配置uri， ~用于正则uri前，其中.(png|jpg)为正则表达式，如果后缀是.png或.jpg的url请求，则匹配成功
  # root用于配置接收到请求以后查找资源的根目录路径

  location ~ \.(png|jpg) {
     root /data/release/weapp/uploadFiles;
  }

  error_page 404 /404.html;

  location = /40x.html {
  }

  error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;

  location = /50x.html {
  }
}

四、nginx 配置管理

博客园：得你归去来：nginx 配置管理

nginx.conf，作为最外层的配置文件，主要设置一些基础的配置就好了，如内存配置，日志格式配置，线程配置等，最后使用一个include conf.d/* 将其他配置文件包含进来即可。

【nginx.conf 基础配置】

user  nginx;
worker_processes  auto;

error_log  /data/var/log/nginx/error.log debug;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}

# load modules compiled as Dynamic Shared Object (DSO)
#
#dso {
#    load ngx_http_fastcgi_module.so;
#    load ngx_http_rewrite_module.so;
#}

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    autoindex off;
    server_tokens off;
        
    server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
    client_header_buffer_size 32k;
    large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
    client_max_body_size 20m;
    client_body_buffer_size 256k;
      
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush     on;
    keepalive_timeout 60;
    tcp_nodelay on;
  
    fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
    fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
    fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
    fastcgi_buffer_size 128k;
    fastcgi_buffers 32 256k;
    fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 256k;
    fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 256k;

    gzip  on;
    gzip_disable "msie6";
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_comp_level 2;
    gzip_min_length 1k;
    gzip_buffers 4 16k;
    gzip_http_version 1.1;
    gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml application/javascript;

    log_format main '$request_time $upstream_response_time $remote_addr - $upstream_addr [$time_local] '
    '"$host" "$request" $status $bytes_sent '
    '"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" "$gzip_ratio" "$http_x_forwarded_for" - "$server_addr" ';

    access_log /data/var/log/nginx/access.log main;

    include conf.d/*.conf;

}

【conf.d/*, 具体的域名配置，http://】

upstream 3ctest_x123_com {
    server 192.168.1.103:81;
    keepalive 8;
}
upstream mytest_x123_com {
    server 192.168.1.103:80;
    keepalive 8;
}
upstream 3capi_x123_com {
    server 192.168.1.103:9002;
    keepalive 8;
}
upstream yhapi_x123_com {
    server 192.168.1.103:8089;
    keepalive 8;
}

server {
        listen 80;
        server_name 3ctest.x123.com;
        location / {
                proxy_pass http://3ctest_x123_com;
                proxy_set_header Host $host;
                proxy_redirect off;
                proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
                proxy_connect_timeout 60;
                proxy_read_timeout 600;
                proxy_send_timeout 600;
        }
}


server {
        listen 80;
        server_name mytest.x123.com;
        location / {
                proxy_pass http://mytest_x123_com;
                proxy_set_header Host $host;
                proxy_redirect off;
                proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
                proxy_connect_timeout 60;
                proxy_read_timeout 600;
                proxy_send_timeout 600;
                }
}

server {
        listen 80;
        server_name 3capi.x123.com;
        location / {
                proxy_pass http://3capi_x123_com;
                proxy_set_header Host $host;
                proxy_redirect off;
                proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
                proxy_connect_timeout 60;
                proxy_read_timeout 600;
                proxy_send_timeout 600;
                }
}

server {
        listen 80;
        server_name yhapi.x123.com;
        location / {
                proxy_pass http://yhapi_x123_com;
                proxy_set_header Host $host;
                proxy_redirect off;
                proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
                proxy_connect_timeout 60;
                proxy_read_timeout 600;
                proxy_send_timeout 600;
                }
}


server {
        listen 80;
        server_name 192.168.1.22;
        location / {
                proxy_pass http://192.168.1.22;
                proxy_set_header Host $host;
                proxy_redirect off;
                proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
                proxy_connect_timeout 60;
                proxy_read_timeout 600;
                proxy_send_timeout 600;
        }
}

upstream 192.168.1.22 {
    server 192.168.1.22:88;
    keepalive 8;
}

【Https:// 配置】

server {
    listen       443 ssl;
    server_name  wx.mysite1.com;
    ssl         on;
    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/conf.d/ssl/mysite1.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/conf.d/ssl/mysite1.key;
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:200m;
    ssl_session_timeout 20m;

    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
    ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA:AES128-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA:HIGH:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!CAMELLIA:!DES:!MD5:!PSK:!RC4;

    location / {
        #proxy_set_header    Host              $http_host;
    
    #proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
    #proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
        
    # online
        #proxy_redirect      http://192.168.1.22/  http://$http_host/;
        #proxy_pass          http://shmc.mysite1.com;

        #proxy_pass          http://192.168.1.22/;
        #index index.html;
        #root /data/www/;

#       if ( $cookie_COOKIE ~* "(.*)$") {
#                set $all_cookie $1;
#        }
#        proxy_set_header Cookie "$http_cookie; node_id=018";

        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
    add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin *;
        proxy_pass          http://192.168.1.22;
        proxy_redirect off;
    }
}

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  wx.mysite1.com;
    location / {
        proxy_set_header    Host              $host;
        # online
        #proxy_redirect      http://192.168.1.22/  http://$http_host/;
        #proxy_pass          http://shmc.mysite1.com;
        proxy_pass          http://192.168.1.22/;
        #index index.html;
        #root /data/www/;
    }
}