python基础学习笔记（六）——迭代器iterators和生成器generators

注意python的编程习惯，定义函数的空行和数学符号前后的空格。

chapter9

• 迭代器     官方文档    参考网页

迭代器是一个带状态的对象，在调用next()方法的时候返回容器中的下一个值，否则进入休眠状态等待被调用。

iter()函数用来创建一个可迭代对象的迭代器

my_iter=iter([1,2,3])
print(my_iter)

<list_iterator object at 0x7ff474380a90>

next()函数可以通过迭代器逐个提取可迭代对象中的值。迭代到最后，会出现StopIteration.

my_iter=iter([1,2,3])
print(next(my_iter))
print(next(my_iter))
print(next(my_iter))
print(next(my_iter))

1
2
3
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/llh/Documents/full-speed-python/chapter9/test.py", line 11, in <module>
    print(next(my_iter))
StopIteration

可以通过定义类Iterator classes，实现迭代器的功能。需要定义__next__()函数和__iter__()函数.注意这里不能用myrange.next()调用，会出错。

类中的__function__()函数？

class MyRange:
    def __init__(self,a,b):
        self.a=a
        self.b=b
    def __iter__(self):
        return self
    def __next__(self):
        if self.a<self.b:
            value=self.a
            self.a=self.a+1
            return value
        else:
            raise StopIteration

myrange=MyRange(1,4)
print(next(myrange))
print(next(myrange))
print(next(myrange))
print(next(myrange))

1
2
3
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/llh/Documents/full-speed-python/chapter9/test.py", line 31, in <module>
    print(next(myrange))
  File "/home/llh/Documents/full-speed-python/chapter9/test.py", line 25, in __next__
    raise StopIteration
StopIteration

MyRange(1,4)生成了一个可迭代对象，可以用于for循环。

for value in MyRange(1,4):
    print(value)

1
2
3

Class Iterators，返回数字a到b的平方

class Square:

    def __init__(self,a,b):
        self.a = a
        self.b = b

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        if self.a < self.b:
            value = self.a
            self.a += 1
            return value*value
        else:
            raise StopIteration

square=Square(1,3)
print(next(square))
print(next(square))
print(next(square))
print(next(square))

1
4
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/llh/Documents/full-speed-python/chapter9/exercise1.py", line 21, in <module>
    print(next(square))
  File "/home/llh/Documents/full-speed-python/chapter9/exercise1.py", line 16, in __next__
    raise StopIteration
StopIteration

返回1到n的所有偶数

class Even:

    def __init__(self,n):
        self.num = 2
        self.n = n

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        if self.num < self.n:
            value = self.num
            self.num += 2
            return value
        else:
            raise StopIteration


ls = []
for number in Even(10):
    ls.append(number)
print(ls)

[2, 4, 6, 8]

从n到0.

class Number:

    def __init__(self,n):
        self.n = n

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        if self.n >= 0:
            value = self.n
            self.n -= 1
            return value
        else:
            raise StopIteration

ls = []
for value in Number(10):
    ls.append(value)
print(ls)

[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

数字对

class consecutive:

    def __init__(self,n):
        self.num = 0
        self.n = n

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        if self.num < self.n:
            value = self.num
            self.num += 1
            return str((value, value + 1))
            #return value
        else:
            raise StopIteration


string = ""
for value in consecutive(6):
    string = string + value
print(string)

(0, 1)(1, 2)(2, 3)(3, 4)(4, 5)(5, 6)

• 生成器 generators.

生成器一定是迭代器，迭代器不一定是生成器。

生成器在Python中是一个非常强大的编程结构，可以用更少地中间变量写流式代码。

生成器是一种特殊的迭代器，它的返回值不是通过return而是yield.

关键字yield.与return相同之处：为函数一个返回值；不同之处：每次程序需要下一个值的时候，会从yield唤醒进程，继续操作。

def myrange(a, b):
    while a < b:
        yield a
        a += 1

for value in myrange(1, 4):
    print(value)

seq = myrange(1, 3)
next(seq)
next(seq)
next(seq)
next(seq)

1
2
3
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/llh/Documents/full-speed-python/chapter10/test.py", line 12, in <module>
    next(seq)
StopIteration

生成器只需定义一个函数，没有迭代器定义一个类那么复杂。调用函数时返回一个生成器对象。

默认0到n

def squares(n):
    for value in range(n):
        yield value * value

print(squares(4))

for value in squares(4):
    print(value)

<generator object squares at 0x7fd8bc047048>
0
1
4
9

从a到b

def squares(a, b):
    while a < b:
        yield a * a
        a += 1

ls = []
for value in squares(3, 8):
    ls.append(value)
print(ls)

[9, 16, 25, 36, 49]

返回序列中的所有偶数

def even(n):
    for value in range(1, n):
        if value % 2 == 0:
            yield value

ls = []
for value in even(19):
    ls.append(value)
print(ls)

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]

从n减至0

def down(n):
    while n >= 0:
        yield n
        n -= 1

ls = []
for value in down(10):
    ls.append(value)
print(ls)

[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

斐波那契数列

def fib(n):
    pre = 0
    cun = 1
    while n > 0:
        yield pre
        #a = cun
        #cun = pre + cun
        #pre = a
        pre, cun = cun, pre + cun
        n -= 1

ls = []
for value in fib(10):
    ls.append(value)
print(ls)

[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]

数值对

def pairs(n):
    for value in range(n):
        yield str((value, value + 1))

string = ""
for value in pairs(8):
    string = string + value
print(string)

(0, 1)(1, 2)(2, 3)(3, 4)(4, 5)(5, 6)(6, 7)(7, 8)