Swift学习笔记05：流程控制

for

for用来遍历数组、字典或者像1...5这样的区间：

let names = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brain", "Jack"]
for name in names {
    print("Hello, \(name)!")
}

如果希望像 C 语言那样从a遍历到b，可以用stride()函数创建一个序列，例如stride(from: a, to: b, by: c)（不包含b）或stride(from: a, through: b, by: c)（包含b）。

while

如果判断条件为true，就执行循环，直到判断条件变为false。

var a = 0
while a < 10 {
    print("a = \(a)")
    a += 1
}

repeat会先进行一次循环再判断条件是否为true，如果是，就继续循环，如果不是就结束循环。

var a = 0
repeat {
    print("a = \(a)")
    a += 1
} while a < 10

if

if在判断条件为true时执行对应的集合，为false时若有else就执行else分支。

let temp = 90
if temp <= 32 {
    print("It is cold")
} else if temp >= 86 {
    print("It is hot")
} else {
    print("It is not cold")
}

可以利用if来为变量赋值，所有的分支必须都包含相同类型的值。

let temp = 90
let text = if temp <= 32 {
    "It is cold"
} else if temp >= 86 {
    "It is hot"
} else {
    "It is not cold"
}

switch

switch将给定的值按从上到下的顺序与各case提供的值依次匹配，当匹配成功时执行该case对应的分支，如果所有case都匹配失败就执行default分支。

let someCharacter: Character = "z"
switch someCharacter {
case "a":
    print("The first letter of the alphabet")
case "b", "c":
    print("The second or third letter of the alphabet")
case "z":
    print("The last letter of the alphabet")
default:
    print("Some other character")
}

当某个case匹配成功时，执行完该分支就会退出，因此不需要显式的break语句。

case提供的也可以是一个区间：

let approximateCount = 62
let countedThings = "moons orbiting Saturn"
var naturalCount: String
switch approximateCount {
case 0:
    naturalCount = "no"
case 1..<5:
    naturalCount = "a few"
case 5..<12:
    naturalCount = "several"
case 12..<100:
    naturalCount = "dozens of"
case 100..<1000:
    naturalCount = "hundreds of"
default:
    naturalCount = "many"
}

还可以是一个元组，_表示可以匹配任何值：

let somePoint = (1, 1)
switch somePoint {
case (0, 0):
    print("(0, 0) is at the origin")
case (_, 0):
    print("(\(somePoint.0), 0) is on the x-axis")
case (0, _):
    print("(0, \(somePoint.1)) is on the y-axis")
case (-2...2, -2...2):
    print("(\(somePoint.0), \(somePoint.1)) is inside the box")
default:
    print("(\(somePoint.0), \(somePoint.1)) is outside of the box")
}

可以将匹配到的值临时绑定为一个常量或变量，来给分支的函数体使用：

let anotherPoint = (2, 0)
switch anotherPoint {
case (let x, 0):
    print("on the x-axis with an x value of \(x)")
case (0, let y):
    print("on the y-axis with a y value of \(y)")
case let (x, y):
    print("somewhere else at (\(x), \(y))")
}

使用where检查条件是否成立，如果成立就使用let创建的x和y：

let yetAnotherPoint = (1, -1)
switch yetAnotherPoint {
case let (x, y) where x == y:
    print("(\(x), \(y)) is on the line x == y")
case let (x, y) where x == -y:
    print("(\(x), \(y)) is on the line x == -y")
case let (x, y):
    print("(\(x), \(y)) is just some arbitrary point")
}

控制转移语句

• continue终止本轮循环，立刻开始下一轮循环。
• break立即终止当前循环，执行后续的语句。
• fallthrough在执行完当前case对应的语句后继续匹配后面的case。
• return结束当前的函数，返回一个值作为函数的结果。
• throw在程序遇到错误时抛出一个错误。