(JAVA) Miscellaneous Topics

The Well-Built City

于 2021-04-04 16:28:12 发布

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分类专栏： Computer Programming Misc

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Bill_Wang_01/article/details/115409247

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Installing JDK

Go to this website to download the Java Development Kit (JDK), and we then install it.
To check if the JDK is installed correctly, open Terminal on MacOS and runjavac --version, which should show javac <some version number>
javac stands for Java Compiler.

All code in Java goes in SomeName.java files, instead of having two different kinds of files like .h and .cpp files in C++. There are not separate header and implementation files, because declaration and implementation cannot be separated in Java.
We compile all .java files individually as in we write javac SomeFile.java on the command line (i.e. you typically write this file by yourself, and this is your “source code”), and the java compiler turns this file into a SomeFile.class file (i.e. Java turns your source code into something that a machine can deal with). This file is a compiled version of SomeFile.java. Java doesn’t compile to machine code, so it doesn’t produce any .exe files or directly executable files. Instead, java compiles the source code into an intermediate form called Java bytecode, which runs on what’s called the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). What’s being run on the JVM is the .class file.

You may get files like SomeFile$SomeOtherName.class as output when you compile SomeFile.java because you actually get one class file for each class definition inside the .java file. An example will be when you have inner classes in your class definition.
In Java, generally, there is at most one main(String[] args) method per .java file. Indeed, often times, in a large java project (i.e. a package that you compose), you may only need one Test class for testing your project, and in this whole project, the only class that has a main() method will be this testing class.

XCode does not by default support Java.
You can use Visual Studio Code for Java (Win, Mac, Linux). It is not an IDE! It is a text editor, but it does have a Java extension which is still fairly powerful.
Eclipse is an IDE for Java.

Each .java file can contain only one public class. This class is visible to every other class.
The file name of the .java file should be exactly the same as the name of the publi class it contains

Packaging means you put a bunch of classes together into a package. You do this by including the command pacakge pacakge_name; at the beginning of the .java file.

Firstly, it allows you to use package-private classes (without first packaging the .java file where the package-private class is defined, you cannot use package-private class because there is no related pacakge)
Secondly, by pacakging classes in a package, you can explicitly use those classes (but certainly only the public fields and methods) in your own user-defined class. For example, the java.lang package provided classes that are fundamental to the design of the Java programming language, and Math class (i.e. java.lang.Math) is one of the important and frequently used classes.

Suppose class B inherits class A. By the rule of inheritance, B inherits every protected and public method & members (not including any of A's constructors, as A and B essentially have different names; nor does B inherit package-private or private members in A).
Moreover, due to polymorphism allowed by the inheritance structure, we can use a reference of type A to refer to a B object. For example, A obj = new B();.
Now assume obj has been created: Keep in mind that B may also have some members that are exclusive to itself (i.e. those are not in A). Say B has such a method called public void bs_method(). In this case, if you want to call bs_method() from obj, you will need to firstly perform an explicit narrowing conversion (narrowing conversion must be explicit, or you get a compile error): ((B) obj).bs_method();. You will get a compile error if you do this: obj.bs_method();. This is because you are calling the method bs_method() from a reference of type A, so the compiler will look for such a method in class A's body, and it certainly won’t find it, so you get an compile error.

GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. javax.swing is a package that we can use to design interactive applications in Java.

There are three classes in swing that serves as the top level containers in GUI: JFrame, JDialog, and JApplet. We focus on JFrame.
Top level containers are literally like the windows we typically see in computer applications i.e. the outermost frame we see when we open up an application program, and as they are the outermost frame, various GUI Components can be added to them. In fact, GUI Components must be part of a containment hierarchy (i.e. the structure of which GUI object contains which) in order to appear on the screen.
However, one top level container cannot fit into another one as they are already the top level components of an application.
Each top-level container has a content pane (of the class Container, accessed through JFrame_object_name.getContentPane(). GUI components must be added to this content pane, but we have many ways to achieve this, and some may be better than the others (see JPanel). Notice that Container actually belongs to another package java.awt.
A menu bar on (the top end of) a JFrame is optional. A menu bar is not a GUI component.

JFrame is a heavyweight container, so its physical appearance is heavily dependent on the underlying operation system (i.e. a JFrame window on a Windows computer appears to be different than that on an IOS computer).

setVisible(boolean)
add(Component)
setSize(int width, int height)
pack(): resize the Jframe to fit a preferred size and layout of its sub-components.
setResizable(boolean)
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE): program does not exist when the JFrame is closed. An alternative argument that is commonly used is JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE, which exits the java application if the user closes it.

JPanel is a container, but a lower-level one.
It is also a lightweight container, which means it is managed not by the operation system but by the Java program.
Comparing with adding GUI components to the content pane or the frame directly, it is better to have GUI components added to JPanels, an then add these JPanels to a JFrame. Why?

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